Pretty Babies, Child Beauty Pageants Essay

legion(predicate) of us first learned nearly the world of babe dishful p developants when a 5 yr obsolescent controler queen named JonBenet Ramsey was set up murdered the day subsequently Christmas in 1996. The electric razor was murdered in her Boulder Colorado home and represent in the basement with her men tied, her mouth duct taped, and her throat garroted. Her death was ruled strangulation further t present was also blunt force trauma to her head as tumefy as vaginal injury (Auge, K arn, par. 13-15).Her death brought these pompositys into our minds, conversations and living live and numerous mess were shocked to assure a sister of that age made up standardised an big woman, al about charge verbalize similar a prostitute and accused the flourishs of sexualizing her and the other children. Images and videos of JonBenet with her sensory hair curled, teased, and sprayed, fuddle on heavy make-up and glamorous outfits were splattered across the newssta nds and she pranced across our videos winking, coque canvass and dancing.Any link of her death to the vauntings is speculative since the murder remains unsolved, only legion(predicate) nation could non help but wonder how base hit it was for a child to be made a spectacle of in such a fashion. This past Monday would hold in been JonBenets 22nd birthday. Perhaps it is time that we as a society maintain a entire look at child beauty parades and decide what place if any they have in the future for our daughters. JonBenet was the daughter of a wealthy businessman named backside Ramsey and his wife, a former Miss West Virginia 1977, Patsy.Patsy has since passed away but John Ramsey has writ tenner a book deedd The Other Side of distress and in an interview with Nightline, John has expressed his regret that JonBenet commenceicipated in the pompositys. He states in the interview Only because- that possibly (the pageants) might have wasted attention to us. I simulatet k now. But- I think for- for advice to p argonnts is effective recognize that- regardless of where you live, there could be evil around you. And dont be naive astir(predicate) it. And keep your kids protected (Chang, par. 0).He wonders now about well-nigh of the public appearances JonBenet made and if the murderer was mayhap in the audience. He says Patsy had her sit atop a takeoff boosters convertible in the Christmas parade waving at people lining the streets. Patsys buzz off later t obsolescent me that a grotesque man approached the car during the parade and it made her uncomfortable. I think about these things now and it makes me cringe. We were so naive. I now believe with each(prenominal) my sprightliness that it is non a good idea to put your child on public display. (Chang, par. 7).His words give w eighter to the issue at bargain and initially, it seems, many people felt the same way as child pageants took a financial hit as less people cute to be associated with the publicly tainted industry (Friedman, par. 5). Fifteen years after the tragic death of JonBenet the pageants have enjoyed a resurgence in popularity (Friedman, par. 6) convey in large part to the hit order on The erudition Channel, Toddlers & Tiaras. The show is immensely popular and is now in its fourth severeen (IMDB, 2012).Understanding, of course that this is a television show and not a documentary, that it has been em devastati mavend for drama and to create what is commonly called good television, the show heretofore gives a viewer a look inside this whatsoeverwhat outsider world. In his interview John Ramsey give tongue to that he had never watched the show but had caught snippets that he finds disturbing. It is actually bizarre he states And, it certainly- Patsy and JonBenet didnt approach it that way.We-they righteous did it for fun. (Chang, par. 5). Will the parents or the pageant officials take precaution? Or exit the allure of glamour and profit make the m beg off their actions? Watching the television show you are immediately struck by one fact this is a southern thing. To the people who do this, none of it is impertinent. In fact many of the parents were all oerjoyed to learn they were enceinte with misfires and began to obtain g testifys before their babies were even born.One indemnify back who has a boy and a female child stated that she had been very upset when she found out that she was pregnant with the boy until she found out that boys could participate in pageants as come up. She even stated, on television, that she had only had children so she could put them in pageants. This would seem very strange to many people, but if you watch the show you lead render statements like this over and over, a great dealtimes in front of the children and always on camera (Toddlers & Tiaras, 2009-2012).What is apparent is that this is truly a culture. They call themselves Pageant mass (Toddlers & Tiaras, 2009-2012) and this encompasses not only the contestants and their families but also the articulates, pageant directors and announcers and the many, many profit people used by the contestants from dress designers to make-up artists and hairstylists to spray tanners and waxers and many of the missys even exit facials before a pageants even though their scratch cannot possibly look much younger.The popularity of this television show is evident, anyone using a search engine that types in the name of the show will be directed to literally thousands of articles, opinion pieces and fan ground websites as well as many spoofs of the show starring huge names like Ashley Tisdale and Tom Hanks and has enjoyed the pinnacle of success in the eyes of many, satire on Saturday Night Live. But what about the tiny stars of the show? How safe are they? Is all of this good for them? Watching the show you will see a few kids and moms that seem almost normal, of course these people never get to be the stars.The stars are the children who are bratty, who throw temper tantrums, hit their parents, try to bite other kids and just generally misbehave. The produces who get the most airtime are of course the ones who say the meanest and most bizarre things. Who treat their children like make outing monkeys and seemingly will do anything to get their small progeny to perform on stage. It is remarkable to watch a child transform in just moments from a sparkling banshee into a sweetly rejoicing and composed young lady, or gentleman on stage.The majority of the children feature on Toddlers & Tiaras are teentsy girls but there are a few boys featured as well. It seems unfortunate that the more poorly behaved the people on the show are the more they are rewarded with fame. One strange family has even got their own birle-off show called, Here Comes Honey stumbler (IMDB, 2012). The children often throw fits because they are macrocosm forced to do something they do not want to do. Over and over, in alm ost every result the children state that they hate doing the beauty portion of the competition.For those unfamiliar with how things work it primal to know that the beauty portion is the most important piece of the pageant where girls are judged on their poise, their attire, hair and make-up, and most of all their facial beauty. They are not really expected to perform at this stage of the pageant but only to walk slowly from mark to mark on the stage stopping briefly at each mark to spin and smile sweetly at the judges and the audience and slowly flex from side to side so that all spectators can take in their appearance.One miniscule girl who was seven was criticized by a womanish judge for having too much personality for beauty although of the same girl a male judge stated that he could not take my eyes off her( Toddlers & Tiaras, season 4, 2012). The girl went on to win the biggest chapiter in the pageant and a contract with an agent. The judges of the pageants can often seem harsh and mark the children mow for seemingly acceptable things for the contestants to do, stipulation that most of the girls featured on the show are only among the ages of four and society.A six year older was marked down because her ankle rolled. She was wearing high heels. A four year old was marked down because her misrepresent teeth or flipper send away out during the beauty portion. Another girl was marked down for universe too fake(? ). And in one episode the little girls were competing for ten thousand dollars and some former contestants came out of retirement to compete. They were as old as twenty-one and some were doing very sexy dances the male judge was obviously captivated and would not stop talk about the old(a) contestants.A 20 year old won. Against little girls. (Toddlers & Tiaras, 2009-2012) You will see some moments on the show where the parents are caring and the children seem to be keeping the whole thing in perspective. One of the fathers, who has 3 children in the pageants does not allow his kids to be tanned or wear fake teeth and lashes and says some of it is too far. He also keeps the bills for the pageants a little lower by renting the dresses and says he preferred the essential pageants.Another one of the parents, this one a mother, laughed when her nine year old daughters hair fell down during the pageant, she told her she did so good and reassured her when she began to telephone that it was okay. Then express she was just glad she got a upper side (in many of the pageants every contestant gets some type of crown) and that she did not need to win the ultimate title and the little girl stated after she calmed down win graciously, brook humbly.Another little girl who won a high title stated that the title she had gotten was really good because Theres a lot of girls here and they tried hard too. One mother who had seemed very perfect during the beginning of the pageant seemed to have an epiphany at some point during t he pageant and said that this would be her seven year old daughters last pageant and that her daughter was beautiful on her own. (Toddlers & Tiaras, 2009-2012). In one touching episode, a mother had only boys and it seemed that her six year old son and her had a very special relationship based on the pageants.The father, in spite of creation supportive, was done with his son being in the pageants and wanted this to be his last one. The boy seemed happy to do the pageants and seemed to have a very special relationship with his mother. At the end of the show they were songing and hugging each other and it was actually hard not to be sad for them (Toddlers & Tiaras, 2009-2012) Most of the other parents are not like those ones and the majority of the shafts shown depict these women as bitter and jealous. The way they chatter of the other children is disgraceful.They say mean things in front of their own kids about the other children, especially if the other children win and their d aughter did not, like that the girl who won did not deserve it and often say that the pageant was unsporting or rigged. One mom on the sidelines said about a girl on the stage If she wins, she better go get some cellulite treatment done(Toddlers & Tiaras, 2009-2012). The little girls definitely pick up this maliciousness from their mothers. Many times over these children say that they are better or prettier than the other girls.One six year old girl knew from her mother that one of the other girls was her biggest competition at the pageant. The other girl was well known for her continuing pacifier dependency and first girl said that she had a secret weapon for her opponent so she could beat her and held up a gag pacifier that had funny looking teeth on the front of it and then snickered. In one sad scene there were sister aged ten and eight who were competing in the same pageant, the eight year old stated that she was going to beat her sister and if her sister started crabing sh e would beat her to he ground. When the older sister started to cry and said that it was because she was being mean the younger one told her to Stop crying, youre embarrassing me (Toddlers & Tiaras, 2009-2012).If you think the tiger moms would be less cruel to their own offspring you would learn that often that is not the case. Over and over when the children cry because they are hungry, tired, something being done to them hurts or they lost they are told not to cry because they are on camera or that the pageant is not over and their make-up will be ruined.One mom talking about her daughter said that she, the mom, had been better at cheerleading and that her daughter just cant get it like her. Her daughter was nine. One child was forced to stop doing gymnastics because it was making her muscles too big for her costumes and her mother told her that was sucky when she came off stage. Over and over the children are cruelly disregarded or ignored when they state that they are in pain, feeling sick, hungry or tired. In a heart stopping scene a nine year old girl went missing in full hair and make-up and was no longer in the hotel.In every scene shown by the television show the mom was worried about her being late for her age line up and not concerned for her sentry go. Luckily, she was found in time, and her standing in the pageant was unaffected. That the girls often cry when they lose is no surprise when you take in that the mothers often cry or state they are going to throw up and berate their daughters for blowing on stage by forgetting to smile at the judges or forgetting part of their routine. The moms let their daughters know that they lost too if their crown is not big comely and does not come with a high title prone to it.The moms will tell their daughters who are smiling and holding a crown that they lost and the crown they have is for losers. One mom while sitting in the audience was pissed and going to cry and listed what the other little girls got and that her daughter didnt get anything. No wonder the little girl had a tantrum and screamed that she wanted a crown (Toddlers & Tiaras, 2009-2012) Many of these mothers are, like Patsy Ramsey, former beauty queens themselves and will stop and nonentity to ensure their daughters success in the pageant world.sometimes it becomes so primitive that it makes the news. In 2011 ABC News did a story on a mom who gave her 8 year old daughter Botox injections because she had wrinkles (Hagan, Kunin and Ghebremedhin, par. 5). The mother was not a doctor but an esthetician, which is basically a cosmetician for the skin. She claims her daughter wanted to try it herself because her wrinkles bothered her. This is hopefully a obsolete case but more commonly these young children have their eyebrows waxed, they find out spray tans, even if they are African American or bi-racial.They have acrylic nails put on, they are fitted for fake teeth to go over their own teeth called flippers, they have h air extensions put in because often their baby fine hair either is not thick enough for the large hair-dos or not strong enough to take the light up and styling. Some of the girls have their hair bleached before a pageant. Sometimes these things hurt or are uncomfortable and the children complain. There seems to be a particular hatred amongst the little girls for the false eyelashes.Many of the girls scream and cry and beg to not have to wear them to no avail. These are typically services reserved for very high maintenance women and many adult women would not have the patience for them. The FDA has not done studies on the safety of these chemicals for use on children either. How does it feel to sit in make-up and hair for twain hours for a child of say four? On pageant day the real magic begins. The girls are up early in the morning in their hotel rooms. They are fed breakfast and then the beauty regime begins.The pageants last all day and usually include several(prenominal) outfi t changes and the performance of practiced routines. The girls, some very young, are not allowed to eat or nap so their hair and make-up do not become ruined. To make up for this, the moms have found some magic. On pageant day the girls have sugar cubes and Pixie Stix poured into their mouths all day long and are fed through a wheat high caffeine and sugar drinks like Mountain Dew and some vehement Bull energy drinks. There is some serious concern over the safety of these drinks (Ostrow, 2011).One mother asked her daughter before the pageant if she wanted to quit doing them. The girl nodded yes and the mom said Lets look at your crowns Doesnt that make you feel better? (Toddlers & Tiaras, 2009-2012). One of the reasons many of the parents say they do it is often for the prizes, money, bonds and scholarships. Indeed, some of the pageants featured on the television show do boast some large prizes. But most of the parents admit that they have spent many times over what their child has received.Several of the moms admit to lying to their husbands about how much they spend and one single mom has moved in with her parents so they could continue to pay for pageants and it is common for the mothers to take a pageant job (Toddlers & Tiaras, 2009-2012) to cover some of the expenses. Some of the parents spend lavishly on the pageants. Many of the pageants have a top prize of only several hundred dollars yet the girls will show up in 2500$ dresses. In one episode two sisters have their very own trailer for pageant accessories that have their pictures emblazoned on the sides.One very enterprising mother has published a pageant book about her daughter, recorded a song and had a doll made in her daughters image. In an episode where they went to the Tonight Show she was axiom how she was planning to get her daughter and agent and a two million dollar contract so she could quit her job and move to Hollywood. It seems as if the parents either have delusions about some pay off that will eventually come if they keep plugging away or they really have just found a very expensive habit that they justify for other reasons.

Pardoners Tale/ Beowulf Essay

The comprehension of literary history gives us insight into the past, recognition of diachronic events and impairion written into the works of those who were present. By including societal behaviors, political tensions, and cat valium folklore, authors suck up indirectly provided the reader with a broader and deeper take ining of the books, as hygienic as the period in which it was written. Besides insight into society as a whole, literary history has provided future writers with models of poetic device, style and contentedness influencing literary works in todays present.Literary history is a fomite to understanding the past and plays a major role in its check on literature up to and including the present day. Knowledge of diachronic literature gives us insight into the traditions and societal conventions of the time in which the piece was written. whiz outstanding example comes from Anglo-Saxon times. Beowulf is a literary work which en up to(p)s a reader to glimpse non only the societal customs just into the savage and seemingly uncontrollable environment of the first century.In the passage of arms amid Grendel and Beowulf it appears as though Grendel is represented by the degraded machinate of human life striveing to gain power through violence, in his attempt to all(a) overthrow Hrothgar and take control of Heorot, he is fatally wounded by Beowulf. The Beowulf poet describes Grendel and Beowulf as Both .. enraged, fury filled, the two who meant to control the hall. (Beowulf 36). The fight over control of the hall, could be seen as a representation of the struggle between good and evil, or perhaps the control of the king, over uncontrollable people. fetching into account the explanation of Grendel, a reader may also indicate that the tartar symbolizes a panic from outside the human realm. One notes that the dragon is not given the humanistic qualities of Grendel, he has no kin and appears to have no mortal thoughts. Due to his lack of humanistic characteristics, the reader may believe that the dragon is less representative of a human threat such as a human-like enemy. One begins to understand a bantam from the Anglo-Saxon period as well as some of the hedonist values from denotation this piece of work by the Beowulf poet.Another, much subsequent example supporting historical representation in a literary work, in this case religious tension, is evident in Chaucers The forgivers Tale. The forgivers Tale was written in a time when the Age of Faith was passing into an age of skepticism and all authority was being called into question by the English public. The church was frustrate at a time when, if anything, it should have been protecting its followers.It was making no attempt to secure faith through true belief only if instead portraying salvation and redemption as an item to bought and sell by the church. In Chaucers description of the Pard integrityrs feelings nigh being the absolver of sins he writes Fo r myn entente is not but for to winne for my intent is not to but make money (Chaucer 67) . Chaucers use of satire and his description of the Pardoners morals is a deep reflection of the religious and corrupt tensions of this period in history.Literary history generates great interest in the modern world and it is also imperative that we understand it so that we ar aware of its vast influence all over the world. It engulfs whole historical periods and allows the audience a glimpse into the life and times of the author. Through the reading of Beowulf a reader is able to catch a glimpse of the heathen societal culture. In Chaucers poem The Pardoners Tale one abide see the shift in faith from the devout, to the skeptic.Through his satire, the audience is able to grasp the idea that the world was changing. Following the line of literary history, one observes the influences of one writing style over another and can understand that it plays an important role in understanding our presen t world. It explains major literary traditions, movements and authors of a country and region, it also allows the audience a porthole in which to experience the past and use it to influence future literary works.

IT ethics: Hacking And Copyrights Essay

IT clean-livingity is a new branch of good motive that is growing and changing rapidly as IT applied science also grows and develops. The boundary IT ethics is open to interpretations both broad and narrow. On the matchless hand, for example, IT ethics might be understood very narrowly as the efforts of victor philosophers to apply traditional honest theories or virtue ethics to make outs regarding the using up of IT engine room. On the other hand, it is possible to construe IT ethics in a very broad elan to include, as well, standards of professional practice, codes of conduct, conniptions of IT jurisprudence, public policy, corporate ethics even certain topics in the sociology and psychology of computing.In the industrialized nations of the valet de chambre, the development revolution already has signifi stinkpottly altered mevery aspects of living in banking and commerce, work and employment, medical c atomic number 18, national defense, transportation and ent ertainment. Consequently, data applied science has begun to affect community life, family life, human relationships, education, degagedom, democracy, and so on. IT ethics in the broadest sense natural depression bum be understood as that branch of applied ethics, which studies and analyzes much(prenominal) social and ethical impacts of information technology (Bynum).In recent years, this gamey new field has led to new university courses, conferences, workshops, professional organizations, curriculum materials, books, obliges, journals, and query centers. The introduction of the World Wide Web in 1990 has catalyzed the expansion of the net profit, which is quiet down growing today at unprecedented rates and IT ethics is readily being transformed into global information ethics. The recent light upon of the net income has resulted not entirely in an increase in the add of available k outrightledge, simply also in an increase in the problems subjective to its usag e and distribution. It has stick clear that traditional rules of conduct argon not always applicable to this new medium, so new ethical codes be now being developed.Edward F. Gehringer gives broad and wide-ranged classification of ethical issues in information technology ara. He distinguished following main aspects of IT ethics (Gehringer)basicsCommerceIT Ab determinationIntellectual PropertyPrivacyRisksSocial nicety IssuesAlthough, in practice every fortune involves at least two of those issues. At first, let us discuss problems of procures in present-day IT industry. It seems that this issue deals with al approximately every aspect listed above and it go out be devout example of ethics implementation in IT.In name Napster, videodisk cases increase copy near headlands in digital age, we can recover some problems concerning copyright issues of IT industry. The article discusses this problem on example of Napster, the Internet search engine which solelyows over 60 mi llions consumers to find and download free music. Experts say the high-tech context in which copyright questions are being raised as exemplified by the Napster case in California and a videodisk-encryption case out of New York also shows that the law is always a few steps behind technology. The Recording Industry Association of the States commoved a lawsuit against Napster in December 2000, accusing the company of support the il legal copying and distribution of copyright music on a massive scale. Author asserts that the case raises fundamental questions about freedom of information and activity on the Internet and what copyright aegiss musicians create or do not throw off in cyberspace. For those and other powers, legal experts point to the Napster case as crucial to the future of cyberspace and copyright law in the United States, the worlds leader in high-tech issues, he states.In this article, the writer also describes how copyright law needs rewrite because it has bec ome so complicated and counterintuitive. He also maintains that many satisfy givers and copyright lawyers tend to propagate made-up rules that purport to clarify ambiguities such as the right of overlap music on peer-to-peer file sharing networks. Author asserts that copyright rules, however, are in considerable flux these geezerhood and very little is clear about these new technologies. According to article, we certainly develop no obligation to follow made-up rules, although it is sometimes informal to confuse these specious requirements with real ones. Given this confusion, it concludes that the need for copyright remediate is urgent.With the dawning of the Internet and other highly advanced technology, community all around the world are now able to copy, download, and distribute copyright material with ease. Unfortunately, the use of the Internet has increased the conflict with copyright laws. In 1998, Congress passed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act to address the silken issue of copyright protections in a digital environment. An important aspect of that law was anti-circumvention protection, which barred people from circumventing password-protected and other honorable Web sites that provide access to creative works. The law said the copyright owners could file well-mannered lawsuits against those who break into such secure Web sites. This is the directly applicable law in the DVD case. At its core, copyright law says that the creators of certain literary and artistic works have the right to ensure that un accepted people do not use their work for un referenceized purposes. The creators hold the copyright. They can give up their exclusive right to publishers or other authorized entities for a limited time or permanently. Legislation and court rulings have held that people have a authoritative right to make use of exceptions within the copyright law to avoid lawsuits.On the other hand, if the arouse majority of actors regulated by the cop yright law are modal(a) end-users, it makes no sense to insist that each of them retain copyright suggest in ramble to fit herself within niches created to suit affaires and institutions, nor is it wise to draw off the lines where the representatives of todays veritable stakeholders insist they would prefer to draw them. Extending the prescriptions and proscriptions of the current copyright law to govern the everyday acts of non-commercial, non-institutional users is a fundamental limiting. To do so without affecting a drastic shift in the copyright balance will require a comparably fundamental change in the copyright statutory scheme.In a whole, issues in article raised very well, opposing two different views on copyright problem from creators and from consumers side. Undoubtedly, both the Napster and DVD cases raise free speech, fair use and copyright issues, which makes them important to future legal and legislative action in the high-tech area. Using those cases writer s hows moot issues and concludes that the need for copyright reform is urgent. On the other hand on that point is no strong support for reasons in which way legislation concerning copyrights could be established.In my opinion, the eloquence surrounding digital copyright in general, and peer-to-peer file sharing and DVD encryption in particular, heated in article, inspires colossal confusion about what the copyright law does and does not prohibit. In general, more or less of the key legal questions are still unsettled, in part because copyright defendants have run out of money and gone out of business before their cases could go to trial. In that vacuum, some copyright owners are claiming that their preferent rules of conduct are well-established legal requirements. at that place whitethorn be an ethical obligation to follow real rules, even when they seem unreasonable. But on that point is any ethical obligation to follow made-up ones. Indeed, in this context, we may have an et hical obligation to resist them.When considering this new and advanced way of sharing information, with regard to copyright laws, the following factors must be assessed the legality of the situation, financial losses and gains, and moral issues. Two different views can be inevitably argued over this controversial issue those who think the downloading of copyright material, without the authority of the author is theft, and those who believe file sharing of copyrighted material is their right in the information age. Although the digital age has made advanced technology available to everyone, the principles of justice and fairness should still prevail.As an IT professional, we have the moral responsibilities to point out when incumbent about copyrights. We should be aware that copyrighted material on the Internet is available for free download only if the creators give consent to its publication and distribution. It can be certain that the confer on copyright in the digital age will continue, and that a definitive solution will take a while to grip for each side. Technology will always be here and will continue to advance, but the industries must be willing to work with the technology to meet the demands of the consumer in the information age.Hacking is also one of the most significant issues nowadays, which involves almost every aspect of IT ethics. Second article I have submitted for hacking ethics topic is Under the scramble of digital crime from BBC News.The article discusses issues of positive and negative hacking. It claims that there was a time when hacking was something positive. It was done in the name of intellectual curiosity rather than financial reward. Now hacking has become an activity that holds two positions and is therefore both solemnized for its insightful inventiveness and defamed for its devious acts. Article claims that the ethics behind hacking and the actions taken by taxicabs constitute a manifesto that transcends ordinary understa nding of this activity. Hackers argue that their actions promote a instrument for tighter warranter department by way of detecting flaws and patches for systems and package. However, these very actions are viewed as violations of the rights to silence and security for both individuals and organizations. Consequently, this establishes a cautionary attitude toward ethical issues such as, privacy, security and the future of the Internet.Another trend that article raises is the weirdo criminality of hacking, much of which is now carried out for explicitly financial reward. just about criminal drudges are threatening to bombard some web-based businesses with gigabytes of data unless man-sized amounts of cash are handed over. It is extortion with a hi-tech gloss. In authors experience, many of these criminal hackers have full-time jobs in technology. skipper hackers are professional in all senses of the word, he states, they work in the industry.The fundamental doctrine or ethic that hackers use in order to justify their behavior is the idea that hacking offers a mode of investigation, which allows an individual to gain knowledge necessary to infiltrate systems that contain vulnerabilities. Acquiring this knowledge allows one to develop strategies that facilitate exploration of their functions and the inner components of the systems. The hacker ethic states in part that all information belongs to everyone and there should be no boundaries or restraints to prevent disclosure of this information. This philosophy that is upheld by the hacker community prefaces ethical questions regarding the freedom of information and the loss of privacy. One more telephone line back up by the hacker ethic is that break-ins elucidate security problems to those who can do something about them. Hacker intrusions into systems surpass the traditional understanding of violating the laws of trespassing. Hacking involves the exploitation, or the consumption of a bug, or a backdoo r that is inherently present within the system. In this view, hacking is not a threat against the integrity of the system being exploited, but instead is a means of implementing corrections and enforcing tighter security.Although issues in article arise well, the writer did not make a conclusive support argument of the statement that many of criminal hackers have full-time jobs in technology. There is not strong support for causes of criminal actions by hackers. The only reason that they carried out hacking, he argued for explicitly financial reward. Concerning hacking ethics, problem discussed very particularly, and the third estate statement depicts real situation.Undoubtedly, hackers and hacking problems are real ones, but how might they be solved? Security requires much more than designing a secure technical infrastructure that resembles an impenetrable fortress. The key to a secure network is the development of real time enforceable policies that take advantage of security bu lletins and published security holes. It is ethically wrong to wait until systems under protection are compromised in order to begin patching up the holes. Securing a network doesnt begin with high cost software and security firewalls aimed at halting the intruders, but begins with utilizing available knowledge that calls for improvements made by ethical hacking. (Mikkkeee).Whatever the case, hackers believe that when they compromise a system they are in effect introducing fixes that force the system administrator to take the necessary precautions in patching up the hole, thereby tightening the security of the system. From this position, the hacker is actually doing a service to the system administrator who is unfamiliar with the bugs that can lead to a system compromise. If there is any criminal purport on the part of the hacker, then they should be held legally accountable for violating the security of the system and their actions should be punishable by law.From the point of vie w of IT professional, we have the moral responsibilities to point out when necessary about hacker activities. so far though hacking undoubtedly has led to productive improvement in IT and software security, it has in effect created many disruptive problems online and offline. Hacking is an activity that introduces a mode of analysis that targets and works on various components. Therefore, hacking has the potential to cause price and to violate legitimate privacy and property rights. By ethical standards hacking does introduce crucial security fixes, but does so at the expense of violating privacy and the security of individuals. Furthermore, hacking activities lead to disruptive and dangerous problems for society, which tend to be troublesome to eradicate. But, with awareness of those problems, we also should take into account that hacking is underside of technical progress, and could not be considered apart of it. As The Mentor warns in the conclusion to his manifesto, I am a h acker, and this is my manifesto. You may stop this individual, but you cant stop us all (Mentor, 1). Even if the authorities catch a hacker, as long as there is a motivation, hacking will persist. On the other hand, IT professionals should clearly recognize boundary between real professionalism and hacking in their own activity, because that line is very transparent.In conclusion, we should note, that significant attention nonrecreational to issues erected above in public press. Many publications leave negative impression about hacking and copyrights, as those are lawless anyway. The Napster and DVD cases received the most publicity because it involves highly popular software that millions of people around the world use to share music and films. Concerning hacking issue, media tend to use the word hacker as a synonym for cyber vandal, digital criminal and basically any person who uses digital means to perform criminal or vicious activities. Nevertheless, it would be better to cons ider not only consequences, but causes as well.For the first look hacking and copyrights are on the contrary sides of ethics, but when we see to it details, there are much more common between them. These problems are permanent topics of news nowadays. With penetration of information technology into mass media, which now functioning very closely related with World Wide Web, moreover, when Internet becoming a main media, issues of hacking and intellectual property ethics are affecting mass media itself noticeably. Thus those problems widely covered now in press and will cover on with spreading of information technology. The question is in qualitative impact of subjects on mass media.BibliographyBynum, Terrell, IT Ethics rudimentary Concepts and Historical Overview. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2001 Edition), Edward N. Zalta(ed.), Gehringer, Edward. Ethics in Computing. Ethical Issues. Homepage. 2001 Chebium, Raju. Napster, DVD cases raise copyright questions in di gital age. CNN.com News. August 7, 2000 Ward, Mark. Under the skin of digital crime. BBC News Online. 11 May, 2004 Mikkkeee. Hacking Ethical Issues of the Internet Revolution. New assure Portal. March 29, 2003 The Mentor, The Conscience of a Hacker, Phrack, Vol One, Issue 7, Phile 3, January 8, 1986. February 10, 2003.

Qualitative Cation Tests Essay

Lab Report henchmanThis document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiments questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to speed students writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which john be sent to an instructor.ObservationsQuestionsA. Write net ionic equations for all reactions that get a precipitous.Ag+(aq.) + Cl-(aq.) - AgCl (s)2 Ag+(aq.)+ 2OH- Ag2O (s) + H2O(l)2 Ag+(aq.)+2NH3+ H2O(l) Ag2O (s)+ 2NH4+ (aq.)Pb2+(aq.)+2Cl- (aq.) - PbCl2(s)Pb2+(aq.)+2OH-(aq.) -Pb(OH)2 (s)Pb2+(aq.)+ 2NH3(aq.)+ H2O(l) Pb(OH)2 (s)+ 2NH4+ (aq.) Cu2+(aq.) +2OH-(aq.) - Cu(OH)2 (s)2Cu2+(aq.)+SO42- (aq.) +2NH3(aq.)+2 H2O(l) Cu(OH)2.CuSO4(s) +2NH4+ (aq.) Zn2+ (aq.)+ 2OH- (aq.) - Zn(OH)2 (s)Zn2+ (aq.)+2NH3(aq.)+ H2O(l) Ag2O (s)+ 2NH4+ (aq.)Fe3+ (aq.)+ 3OH- (aq.) - Fe(OH)3(s)Fe3+ (aq.)+ 3NH3(aq.)+ 3H2O(l) Fe(OH)3(s)+ 3N H4+ (aq.) Pb2+(aq.)+ CrO42-(aq.) PbCrO4(s)2Cu2+(aq.)+Fe(CN)64- (aq.) Cu2Fe(CN)6 (s)Zn2+(aq.) + S2-(aq) ZnS(s) 4Fe3+(aq.)+3Fe(CN)64- (aq.) -Fe4Fe(CN)63 (s)Ca2+(aq) + ( COO)22-(aq) Ca(COO)2 (s)B. Identify the cations that effectuate with hydrochloric acid and dissolve in the battlefront of ammonia.Ag+C. Identify the cations that precipitate with hydrochloric acid and do not redissolve in the presence of ammonia.Pb2+D. Identify the cations that precipitate upon asset of both or three drops of atomic number 11 hydroxide and redissolve upon addition of excess sodium hydroxide.Pb2+,Zn2+E. Identify the cations that precipitate upon addition of two or three drops of sodium hydroxide and argon not affected by additional sodium hydroxide.Ag+,Cu2+,Fe3+F.Identify the cations that precipitate upon addition of two or three drops of aqueous ammonia but redissolve upon addition of excess aqueous ammonia.Ag+,Cu2+,Zn2+G. Identify the cations that precipitate upon addition of two or three dro ps of aqueous ammonia and are not affected additional aqueous ammonia.Pb2+,Fe3+H. What simple test would distinguish Ag+ and Cu2+ ?Upon addition of two or three drops of aqueous ammonia, Ag+ produces browned ppt, which is soluble in the excess reagent, resulting in clear, colorless solution.Upon addition of two or three drops of aqueous ammonia, Cu2+ produces blue ppt, which is soluble in the excess reagent but produces dark blue solution.

Warhorse

WarHorse -Based on the impertinent by Michael Morgue, Adapted by chip off Stafford, in association with the Handspring Puppet Company Based on the novel by Michael Morgue exactly adapted by Nick Stafford, on t eyelid point powerful, dramatic WarHorse tells the story of a Horse that goes to battle and gets passed by more several(predicate) owners, and how the Horse lives though the First World War. anything is spoken a br severally from the song women narrates the story as it goes along by babble outing. On arrival in the theatre forum, the first thing that my eyes were drawn to was the minimalist, raw be where thither what looks like a ripped paper strip each(prenominal)(prenominal) the mien across the top of the stage, looking like a criterion which is a breaching technique. To include there was also a simple loge on stage, which was centre stage right.Then what caught my attention next was the lighting, which had freezer and barrage lights on at that point in time which gave Off refulgent white light, giving the whole theatre neutral atmosphere until incline Is about to start. The floor of the stage looked Like tarmac/concrete Glenn It a hard solid feel, making the stage look and feel cold, sluggish and bare. The whole stage make everyone In the audience wonder hat was going on and guess for what was going to happen on stage when the run across starts.When Joey the clam first came on stage, the lights up with a ardent white light, Joey seen as a foul, with three sm wholly women imperious the puppet, Joey was base virtually like he was in a field, making all the necessary noises to make the puppet wait real, when he did Just passing play around on stage it made me feel so golden that he was felicitous and that I could feel what he was feeling through the sense of automobile trunk movement which was jumpy and moving about over making him and yeses feel free, you could also tell that Joey was happy and young because he was only s mall puppet to start with but when his ears moved around listening to what going on In the field, that created a feeling that he was young and that he was enthusiastic about the way of life on the field. Even the actors who where controlling Joey had the same body language and nervus facialis expressions as Joey to make the puppet more life like. This made the atmosphere bright, happy and enthusiastic about Joey.This linked in with the depicting throughout the play which made you feel like oh were give away of the story and all primary(prenominal) characters had very strong characterization, but one moment that shone through the others for characterization was when the awful moment of Joey in the stable and Albertan drunk father grabs the take to task and starts whipping Joey, he starts to make the squealing noises and his body language is all tight and quivery and then he bucks for me this was a very emotional part for me because of the characterization of Joey, Just sitting there watching him get lessened and all the facial expressions and body language and noises that come alongs out of him make he audience want to leap out there seats and come to save Joey from getting hurt. But as soon as Joey started to whelp, Albert and his mother, from their facial expressions you could see how much It meant to them, and how they could feel Joeys pain, which also got brought into the audience, the audience unfeignedly mat the emotions swell characterization through this because of this part being so emotional and the whole audience feeling the pain for Joey and how Albertan dad was acting so foolishly. The lighting at this point was blue which was to suggest that it was cold, dark and at eight, this made the atmosphere for the audience even more tense, and kept everyone on the edge of there seatThere was nonhing much on stage, very bare apart from three men dressed in old fashion military, thick duderial grey and dull uniform, holding these rigid poles to create the effect of a pen/stable which I thought you could clearly understand and kept you interest in the performance. Every now and again the song women (narrator) would enter on stage and sing part of a song to express what was going on but I felt like it didnt really work and when the story was consume to an emotional part and the song women would burst in and start to sing, for me this bust the emotion and body language from the moving story to the women that sung, it ruined that part of the performance.The movement of Joey in warhorse alone was amazing the whole way through, this amazing puppet, I thought was really life like which made the story even more like you were there and it was realistic, Joey had three tidy sum controlling him from the person controlling his Hines legs to the person controlling front legs and the almost effective person I though that created the allies of Joey was the person controlling his head, every single movement was different, from moving his head in different directions to his tail swaying in different directions all the time made Joey seem really real to me, with his ears twitching at certain points and his head points corking into the air you can tell hes trying to listen or be wear of something, also with the movement it gives off really good body language and lets the audience no what he is doing or thinking.Vocal and movement not sure what bit to write about Too include there was part in the story when I felt the communication was really throng and powerful and created a relationship, it was when Albert was in the army with a mate in the army too and they sat up stage centre, legs temporary removal off the stage and staring into the horizon and they were laughing, Joking and insulting each other but Albertan mate was making fun of him abut him and Joey his horse before his dad sold him to the army. I think that that is really good communication through the use of laughter, it was really funny and shows how there fellowship is still growing and how powerful it is even though they are in the middle of a war A me

Genetically Foods Essay

Genetic completely(prenominal)y- circumscribed be givens (GM fodders) conf hold made a big splash in the cuttings lately. European environmental organizations and normal vex groups down been actively protesting against GM fodders for months, and recent controversial studies about the do of factortic each(prenominal)y- circumscribed feed whiskey pollen on monarch justterfly caterpillars1, 2 pretend brought the issue of elementtic engineering science to the forefront of the public consciousness in the U. S. In resolution to the upswelling of public concern, the U. S.Food and Drug Administration (FDA) held common chord open encounters in Chicago, Washington, D.C., and Oakland, atomic number 20 to solicit public opinions and begin the suffice of establishing a new re fastidiousive procedure for presidency activity approval of GM sustenances3. I attended the FDA meeting held in November 1999 in Washington, D. C. , and here I volition attempt to summarize the i ssues involve and explain the U. S. political relations present role in adjust GM f argon. What ar factortic all(prenominal)y-modified f ars? The term GM intellectual nourishments or GMOs (genetically-modified organisms) is or so comm solo used to refer to do work constitutes farmd for homo or brute consumption victimization the latest molecular biology techniques.These coiffes run through been modified in the laboratory to enhance in demand(p) traits much(prenominal)(prenominal) as change magnitude ohmic resi billet to weed killers or improved nutritional content. The enhancement of desired traits has traditionally been undertaken through breeding, save conventional place breeding methods move be in truth(prenominal) time consuming and be often non very accurate. Genetic engineering, on the former(a) hand, slew create plants with the exact desired trait very rapidly and with great accuracy. For example, plant geneticists can keep apart a gene responsib le for drouth security deposit and insert that gene into a various plant.The new genetically-modified plant depart gain drought tolerance as well. Not alone can genes be budgered from unity plant to a nonher, but genes from non-plant organisms too can be used. The best cognize example of this is the use of B. t. genes in corn and other crops. B. t. , or bacillus thuringiensis, is a inherently occurring bacterium that set ups crystal proteins that are lethal to worm larvae. B. t. crystal protein genes moderate been transferred into corn, enabling the corn to produce its own pesticides against insects such as the European corn borer.For dickens certifyative overviews of nearly of the techniques involved in creating GM intellectual nourishments, visit Biotech Basics (sponsored by Monsanto) http//www. biotechknowledge. monsanto. com/biotech/bbasics. nsf/index or Techniques of install Biotechnology from the National Center for Biotechnology Education http//www. ncbe. re ading. ac. uk/NCBE/GMFOOD/techniques. What are some of the advantages of GM nutrients? The kindkind population has topped 6 cardinal people and is predicted to double in the next 50 years. Ensuring an competent feed supply for this booming population is divergence to be a major(ip) challenge in the years to come.GM foods promise to meet this impoverishment in a number of ship canal Pest resistance fit out losses from insect pests can be staggering, resulting in devastating monetary loss for farmers and starvation in come uping countries. Farmers typically use many a(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) tons of chemical pesticides annually. Consumers do non wish to eat food that has been treated with pesticides be aim of latent health hazards, and run-off of agricultural wastes from excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers can poison the piss supply and cause psychic trauma to the environment.Growing GM foods such as B. t.corn can sustain eliminate the application o f chemical pesticides and reduce the address of bringing a crop to market4, 5. Herbicide tolerance For some crops, it is non cost-effective to remove weeds by visible means such as tilling, so farmers leave alone often nebulizer large quantities of different herbicides (weed-killer) to drop weeds, a time-consuming and expensive process, that requires cautiousness so that the herbicide doesnt terms the crop plant or the environment. Crop plants genetically-engineered to be insubordinate to one very office staffful herbicide could help pr so fart environmental damage by diminution the hail of herbicides needed.For example, Monsanto has created a strain of soybeans genetically modified to be non impact by their herbicide product Roundup 6. A farmer breaks these soybeans which then unless require one application of weed-killer instead of multiple applications, reducing work cost and limiting the dangers of agricultural waste run-off7. Disease resistance there are man y viruses, fungi and bacteria that cause plant diseases. do biologists are working to create plants with genetically-engineered resistance to these diseases8, 9.Cold tolerance unthought-of frost can destroy sensitive seedlings. An anti absolveze gene from cold water fish has been maked into plants such as tobacco and potato. With this antifreeze gene, these plants are able to meet cold temperatures that normally would kill unmodified seedlings10. (Note I select not been able to find any journal articles or patents that involve fish antifreeze proteins in strawberries, although I have got seen such reports in newspapers. I can only conclude that nothing on this application has yet been publish or patented.)Drought tolerance/salinity tolerance As the human raceity population grows and more land is utilized for housing instead of food production, farmers will need to grow crops in locations previously unsuited for plant cultivation. Creating plants that can withstand long per iods of drought or high common salt content in soil and groundwater will help people to grow crops in formerly inhospitable places11, 12. Nutrition Malnutrition is common in three world countries where deprive peoples rely on a single crop such as rice for the main staple of their diet.However, rice does not contain adequate amounts of all demand nutrients to forbid malnutrition. If rice could be genetically engineered to contain additional vitamins and minerals, nutrient deficiencies could be alleviated. For example, blindness due(p) to vitamin A deficiency is a common problem in troika world countries. Researchers at the Swiss Federal initiate of Technology Institute for Plant Sciences have created a strain of golden rice containing an signally high content of beta-carotene (vitamin A)13.Since this rice was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation14, a non-profit organization, the Institute hopes to crevice the golden rice seed free to any third world outlandish that reques ts it. Plans were underway to develop a golden rice that similarly has change magnitude iron content. However, the grant that funded the creation of these deuce rice strains was not renewed, perhaps because of the vigorous anti-GM food protesting in Europe, and so this nutritionally-enhanced rice whitethorn not come to market at all15.P rail ataceuticals Medicines and vaccines often are pricy to produce and sometimes require special storage conditions not quick available in third world countries. Researchers are working to develop edible vaccines in tomatoes and potatoes16, 17. These vaccines will be often easier to ship, store and make out than traditional injectable vaccines. Phytoremediation Not all GM plants are braggy as crops. Soil and groundwater pollution continues to be a problem in all parts of the world. Plants such as poplar trees have been genetically engineered to clean up heavy metal pollution from contaminated soil18.How familiar are GM crops? What plants are involved? According to the FDA and the United States section of Agriculture ( factory farm), there are over 40 plant varieties that have completed all of the federal requirements for commercialization (http//vm. cfsan. fda. gov/%7Elrd/biocon). Some examples of these plants include tomatoes and cantalopes that have modified ripening characteristics, soybeans and sugarbeets that are resistant to herbicides, and corn and cotton plants with increased resistance to insect pests.Not all these products are available in supermarkets yet however, the prevalence of GM foods in U. S. grocery stores is more widespread than is commonly thought. While there are very, very few genetically-modified self-coloured fruits and vegetables available on produce stands, extremely processed foods, such as vegetable oils or eat cereals, closely likely contain some tiny percentage of genetically-modified ingredients because the raw ingredients have been pooled into one treat waterway from many differe nt sources.Also, the ubiquity of soybean derivatives as food additives in the modern American diet virtually ensures that all U. S. consumers have been heart-to-heart to GM food products. The U. S. statistics that fall out are derived from data presented on the USDA web site at http//www. ers. usda. gov/briefing/biotechnology/. The global statistics are derived from a brief published by the International improvement for the eruditeness of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) at http//www. isaaa. org/publications/briefs/Brief_21. htm and from the Biotechnology Industry Organization at http//www. bio.org/food&ag/1999Acreage.Thirteen countries grew genetically-engineered crops commercially in 2000, and of these, the U. S. produced the majority. In 2000, 68% of all GM crops were braggart(a) by U. S. farmers. In comparison, Argentina, Canada and China produced only 23%, 7% and 1%, respectively. Other countries that grew commercial GM crops in 2000 are Australia, Bulgaria, France, Germa ny, Mexico, Romania, South Africa, Spain, and Uruguay. Soybeans and corn are the top two most astray grown crops (82% of all GM crops harvested in 2000), with cotton, rapeseed (or canola) and potatoes trailing behind.74% of these GM crops were modified for herbicide tolerance, 19% were modified for insect pest resistance, and 7% were modified for some(prenominal) herbicide tolerance and pest tolerance. Globally, acreage of GM crops has increased 25-fold in just 5 years, from approximately 4. 3 one thousand million acres in 1996 to 109 million acres in 2000 almost in two ways the area of the United Kingdom. Approximately 99 million acres were habituated to GM crops in the U. S. and Argentina alone. In the U. S. , approximately 54% of all soybeans cultivated in 2000 were genetically-modified, up from 42% in 1998 and only 7% in 1996.In 2000, genetically-modified cotton varieties accounted for 61% of the total cotton crop, up from 42% in 1998, and 15% in 1996. GM corn and also exp erienced a similar but less dramatic increase. corn whiskey production increased to 25% of all corn grown in 2000, about the same as 1998 (26%), but up from 1. 5% in 1996. As anticipated, pesticide and herbicide use on these GM varieties was slashed and, for the most part, yields were increased (for details, see the UDSA publication at http//www. ers. usda. gov/publications/aer786/). What are some of the criticisms against GM foods?Environmental activists, religious organizations, public disport groups, professional associations and other scientists and government officials have all raised concerns about GM foods, and criticized agribusiness for prosecute profit without concern for potential hazards, and the government for failing to exercise adequate regulatory oversight. It seems that everyone has a strong opinion about GM foods. withal the Vatican19 and the Prince of Wales20 have expressed their opinions. Most concerns about GM foods fall into three categories environmental ha zards, human health risks, and economic concerns.Environmental hazards Unintended harm to other organisms Last year a laboratory study was published in Nature21 showing that pollen from B. t. corn caused high mortality rates in monarch butterfly caterpillars. Monarch caterpillars consume milkweed plants, not corn, but the fear is that if pollen from B. t. corn is blown by the wind onto milkweed plants in neighboring fields, the caterpillars could eat the pollen and perish. Although the Nature study was not conducted under natural field conditions, the results seemed to support this viewpoint.Unfortunately, B. t. toxins kill many species of insect larvae indiscriminately it is not possible to design a B. t. toxin that would only kill crop-damaging pests and remain guiltless to all other insects. This study is being reexamined by the USDA, the U. S. Environmental guard Agency (EPA) and other non-government research groups, and preliminary data from new studies suggests that the mae stro study whitethorn have been flawed22, 23. This topic is the subject of acrimonious debate, and both sides of the argument are defending their data vigorously.Currently, there is no cartel about the results of these studies, and the potential risk of harm to non-target organisms will need to be evaluated further. Reduced effectiveness of pesticides Just as some populations of mosquitoes developed resistance to the now-banned pesticide DDT, many people are concerned that insects will become resistant to B. t. or other crops that have been genetically-modified to produce their own pesticides.Gene transfer to non-target species some other concern is that crop plants engineered for herbicide tolerance and weeds will cross-breed, resulting in the transfer of the herbicide resistance genes from the crops into the weeds. These superweeds would then be herbicide tolerant as well. Other introduced genes may cross over into non-modified crops position next to GM crops. The possibility o f interbreeding is shown by the defense of farmers against lawsuits filed by Monsanto. The company has filed patent infringement lawsuits against farmers who may have harvested GM crops. Monsanto claims that the farmers obtained Monsanto-licensed GM seeds from an unknow source and did not pay royalties to Monsanto.The farmers claim that their unmodified crops were cross-pollinated from somebody elses GM crops planted a field or two away. More investigation is needed to resolve this issue. in that location are some(prenominal) possible solutions to the three problems mentioned above. Genes are exchanged amongst plants via pollen. Two ways to ensure that non-target species will not receive introduced genes from GM plants are to create GM plants that are male sterile (do not produce pollen) or to modify the GM plant so that the pollen does not contain the introduced gene24, 25, 26.Cross-pollination would not occur, and if harmless insects such as monarch caterpillars were to eat pol len from GM plants, the caterpillars would survive. Another possible solution is to create buffer zones around fields of GM crops27, 28, 29. For example, non-GM corn would be planted to surround a field of B. t. GM corn, and the non-GM corn would not be harvested. Beneficial or harmless insects would have a refuge in the non-GM corn, and insect pests could be allowed to destroy the non-GM corn and would not develop resistance to B. t. pesticides.Gene transfer to weeds and other crops would not occur because the wind-blown pollen would not travel beyond the buffer zone. Estimates of the necessary width of buffer zones range from 6 meters to 30 meters or more30. This plant method may not be feasible if too much acreage is necessitate for the buffer zones. Human health risks Allergenicity many another(prenominal) children in the US and Europe have developed life-threatening allergies to peanuts and other foods. There is a possibility that introducing a gene into a plant may create a new allergen or cause an supersensitised chemical reaction in susceptible individuals.A proposal to incorporate a gene from Brazil nuts into soybeans was abandoned because of the fear of causing unexpected allergic reactions31. Extensive testing of GM foods may be required to ward off the possibility of harm to consumers with food allergies. Labeling of GM foods and food products will memorize new importance, which I shall discuss later. Unknown effects on human health There is a growing concern that introducing foreign genes into food plants may have an unexpected and negative impact on human health.A recent article published in Lancet examined the effects of GM potatoes on the digestive tract in rats32, 33. This study claimed that there were appreciable differences in the intestines of rats fed GM potatoes and rats fed unmodified potatoes. that critics say that this paper, like the monarch butterfly data, is flawed and does not apprehend up to scientific scrutiny34. Moreover, the gene introduced into the potatoes was a snowdrop flower lectin, a substance known to be toxic to mammals.The scientists who created this variety of potato chose to use the lectin gene simply to test the methodology, and these potatoes were never intended for human or wolf consumption. On the whole, with the exception of possible allergenicity, scientists believe that GM foods do not present a risk to human health. Economic concerns bringing a GM food to market is a lengthy and expensive process, and of course agri-biotech companies wish to ensure a profitable return on their investment. Many new plant genetic engineering technologies and GM plants have been patented, and patent infringement is a big concern of agribusiness.Yet consumer advocates are worried that patenting these new plant varieties will raise the price of seeds so high that small farmers and third world countries will not be able to afford seeds for GM crops, thus widening the gap between the wealthy and the poor. It is hoped that in a humanitarian gesture, more companies and non-profits will follow the lead of the Rockefeller Foundation and offer their products at reduced cost to impoverished nations. Patent enforcement may also be difficult, as the contention of the farmers that they involuntarily grew Monsanto-engineered strains when their crops were cross-pollinated shows.One way to combat possible patent infringement is to introduce a suicide gene into GM plants. These plants would be viable for only one growing season and would produce sterile seeds that do not germinate. Farmers would need to sully a fresh supply of seeds each year. However, this would be financially disastrous for farmers in third world countries who cannot afford to buy seed each year and traditionally set aside a portion of their harvest to plant in the next growing season.In an open letter to the public, Monsanto has assure to abandon all research using this suicide gene technology35. How are GM foods regul ated and what is the governments role in this process? regimes around the world are ruffianly at work to establish a regulatory process to proctor the effects of and approve new varieties of GM plants. Yet depending on the political, neighborly and economic climate within a region or country, different governments are responding in different ways.In Japan, the Ministry of Health and Welfare has inform that health testing of GM foods will be mandatory as of April 200136, 37. Currently, testing of GM foods is voluntary. Japanese supermarkets are offering both GM foods and unmodified foods, and customers are beginning to show a strong sense of taste for unmodified fruits and vegetables. Indias government has not yet announced a policy on GM foods because no GM crops are grown in India and no products are commercially available in supermarkets yet38.India is, however, very supportive of transgenic plant research. It is highly likely that India will decide that the benefits of GM fo ods outweigh the risks because Indian agriculture will need to adopt drastic new measures to counteract the countrys endemic poverty and feed its exploding population. Some states in Brazil have banned GM crops entirely, and the Brazilian Institute for the Defense of Consumers, in collaboration with Greenpeace, has filed suit to prevent the signification of GM crops39,.Brazilian farmers, however, have resorted to smuggling GM soybean seeds into the country because they fear economic harm if they are unable to compete in the global marketplace with other grain-exporting countries. In Europe, anti-GM food protestors have been peculiarly active. In the last few years Europe has experienced two major foods scares bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease) in Great Britain and dioxin-tainted foods originating from Belgium. These food scares have undermined consumer confidence about the European food supply, and citizens are disinclined to trust government information about GM foods.In response to the public outcry, Europe now requires mandatory food distinguishing of GM foods in stores, and the European Commission (EC) has established a 1% threshold for contaminant of unmodified foods with GM food products40. In the United States, the regulatory process is confused because there are three different government agencies that have jurisdiction over GM foods. To put it very simply, the EPA evaluates GM plants for environmental safety, the USDA evaluates whether the plant is safe to grow, and the FDA evaluates whether the plant is safe to eat.The EPA is responsible for regulating substances such as pesticides or toxins that may cause harm to the environment. GM crops such as B. t. pesticide-laced corn or herbicide-tolerant crops but not foods modified for their nutritional value fall under the purview of the EPA. The USDA is responsible for GM crops that do not fall under the umbrella of the EPA such as drought-tolerant or disease-tolerant crops, crops gro wn for animal feeds, or whole fruits, vegetables and grains for human consumption. The FDA historically has been concerned with pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food products and additives, not whole foods.Under authoritative guidelines, a genetically-modified ear of corn sold at a produce stand is not regulated by the FDA because it is a whole food, but a box of cornflakes is regulated because it is a food product. The FDAs stance is that GM foods are good equivalent to unmodified, natural foods, and therefore not subject to FDA regulation. The EPA conducts risk assessment studies on pesticides that could potentially cause harm to human health and the environment, and establishes tolerance and residue levels for pesticides.There are strict limits on the amount of pesticides that may be applied to crops during growth and production, as well as the amount that remains in the food after(prenominal) processing. Growers using pesticides essential have a license for each pesticide and must follow the directions on the label to accord with the EPAs safety standards. Government inspectors may periodically visit farms and conduct investigations to ensure compliance. Violation of government regulations may result in steep fines, loss of license and even jail sentences.As an example the EPA regulatory approach, consider B.t. corn. The EPA has not established limits on residue levels in B. t corn because the B. t. in the corn is not sprayed as a chemical pesticide but is a gene that is integrated into the genetic material of the corn itself. Growers must have a license from the EPA for B. t corn, and the EPA has issued a letter for the 2000 growing season requiring farmers to plant 20% unmodified corn, and up to 50% unmodified corn in regions where cotton is also cultivated41.This planting strategy may help prevent insects from developing resistance to the B.t. pesticides as well as provide a refuge for non-target insects such as Monarch butterflies. The USDA has many immanent divisions that share responsibility for assessing GM foods. Among these divisions are APHIS, the Animal Health and Plant Inspection serve well, which conducts field tests and issues permits to grow GM crops, the Agricultural Research Service which performs in-house GM food research, and the Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service which oversees the USDA risk assessment program.The USDA is concerned with potential hazards of the plant itself. Does it harbor insect pests? Is it a noxious weed? Will it cause harm to indigenous species if it escapes from farmers fields? The USDA has the power to impose quarantines on problem regions to prevent movement of suspected plants, stamp down import or export of suspected plants, and can even destroy plants cultivated in violation of USDA regulations. Many GM plants do not require USDA permits from APHIS.A GM plant does not require a permit if it meets these 6 criteria 1) the plant is not a noxious weed 2) the gen etic material introduced into the GM plant is stably integrated into the plants own genome 3) the function of the introduced gene is known and does not cause plant disease 4) the GM plant is not toxic to non-target organisms 5) the introduced gene will not cause the creation of new plant viruses and 6) the GM plant cannot contain genetic material from animal or human pathogens (see http//www. aphis. usda.gov80/bbep/bp/7cfr340 ).The flowing FDA policy was developed in 1992 (Federal Register Docket No. 92N-0139) and states that agri-biotech companies may voluntarily ask the FDA for a consultation. Companies working to create new GM foods are not required to consult the FDA, nor are they required to follow the FDAs recommendations after the consultation. Consumer interest groups wish this process to be mandatory, so that all GM food products, whole foods or otherwise, must be approved by the FDA originally being released for commercialization.The FDA counters that the agency currentl y does not have the time, money, or resources to acquit out exhaustive health and safety studies of every proposed GM food product. Moreover, the FDA policy as it exists today does not allow for this type of intervention. How are GM foods labeled? Labeling of GM foods and food products is also a disputative issue. On the whole, agribusiness industries believe that labeling should be voluntary and influenced by the demands of the free market.If consumers show preference for labeled foods over non-labeled foods, then industry will have the incentive to regulate itself or risk alienating the customer. Consumer interest groups, on the other hand, are demanding mandatory labeling. People have the reform to know what they are eating, argue the interest groups, and historically industry has prove itself to be unreliable at self-compliance with existing safety regulations.The FDAs current position on food labeling is governed by the Food, Drug and Cosmetic dress which is only concerned with food additives, not whole foods or food products that are considered GRAS generally recognized as safe. The FDA contends that GM foods are substantially equivalent to non-GM foods, and therefore not subject to more stringent labeling. If all GM foods and food products are to be labeled, Congress must order sweeping changes in the existing food labeling policy. There are many questions that must be answered if labeling of GM foods becomes mandatory.First, are consumers willing to absorb the cost of such an initiative? If the food production industry is required to label GM foods, factories will need to construct two separate processing streams and monitor the production lines accordingly. Farmers must be able to keep GM crops and non-GM crops from mixing during planting, harvesting and shipping. It is almost assured that industry will tend along these additional costs to consumers in the form of higher prices. Secondly, what are the acceptable limits of GM contamination in n on-GM products?The EC has determined that 1% is an acceptable limit of cross-contamination, yet many consumer interest groups argue that only 0% is acceptable. Some companies such as Gerber baby foods42 and Frito-Lay43 have pledged to avoid use of GM foods in any of their products. But who is going to monitor these companies for compliance and what is the penalty if they fail? Once again, the FDA does not have the resources to carry out testing to ensure compliance. What is the level of detectability of GM food cross-contamination?Scientists agree that current technology is unable to detect minute quantities of contamination, so ensuring 0% contamination using existing methodologies is not guaranteed. Yet researchers differ on what level of contamination really is detectable, especially in highly processed food products such as vegetable oils or breakfast cereals where the vegetables used to make these products have been pooled from many different sources. A 1% threshold may already be below current levels of detectability. Finally, who is to be responsible for educating the public about GM food labels and how costly will that education be?Food labels must be designed to clearly convey accurate information about the product in simplistic language that everyone can understand. This may be the greatest challenge face be a new food labeling policy how to educate and inform the public without damaging the public trust and causing alarm or fear of GM food products. In January 2000, an international trade parallelism for labeling GM foods was established44, 45. More than 130 countries, including the US, the worlds largest producer of GM foods, signed the agreement.The policy states that exporters must be required to label all GM foods and that importing countries have the right to judge for themselves the potential risks and pooh-pooh GM foods, if they so choose. This new agreement may spur the U. S. government to resolve the domestic food labeling dilemma more rapidly. Conclusion Genetically-modified foods have the potential to solve many of the worlds hunger and malnutrition problems, and to help protect and preserve the environment by increasing yield and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and herbicides.Yet there are many challenges forward for governments, especially in the areas of safety testing, regulation, international policy and food labeling. Many people feel that genetic engineering is the inevitable wave of the forthcoming and that we cannot afford to ignore a technology that has such enormous potential benefits. However, we must proceed with caution to avoid causing unintended harm to human health and the environment as a result of our intensity for this powerful technology.

Radium Girls

Isnt it scary to think that someone could keep a huge secret from you, a secret so big that it could potentially kill you and hundreds of other people? This happened in the 1920s and changed many peoples lives forever. Today, Im going to component with you something that had a big effect not only as u as a country but us as the Illinois Valley. My military issue is the decline ascension Girls of Ottawa. This is a topic that I know much slightly I did my 8th grade history fair project on this, read a few books close it, and even interviewed two of the celestial longitude girls.My three briny points will be what the radium control social club was, who the living shortly girls were, and the afterward effects of this catastrophe. My first point is the Radium Dial company, according to the book Deadly Glow, in 1922 the radium dial company moved from Peru Il, to Ottawa and hired hundreds of girls to rouge the dials of WWI and WWII clock faces. The paint used was called luna th at contained radium to make the watch glow in the dark.To impersonate the dials perfect the girls were told to wet the tip of the brush with their lips. Their boss failed to mention that radium can cause anything from cancer anemia, bone fractures and necrosis of the jaw, known as radium jaw. Their boss knew about the dangers but told them it would only make their cheeks rosy. unmindful(predicate) of the dangers the girls would paint their teeth, nails, skin, and hair and turn off the lights so they could glow. This brings me to my second main point, who were the society of the living all in(p)?According to the book Radium Girls, after a year the girls started to complain about jaw pains and their teeth started to fall out. They demanded to be seen by doctors, only to be lied to about not having radium in them and they were perfectly regainthy. The doctors who saw them knew they had radium in them, but didnt tell them. This started their group the society of the living dead the girls were filing for unsafe working conditions. Catherine Donohue was the leader and she was one of the girls who were affected the most. even so through and through her illness she still won the case that granted all the girls $10,000 to conk out amongst themselves and all their medical bills were paid. Some of the girls benefited from the case, but money could never heal their mental and eternal illness. The death toll in Ottawa was 35, and 4,000 nation. My third gear and final point is the aftermath of the case. In my interview with June Menne and Pauline awash(predicate) in October of 2010 both who worked for the radium dial company at this cartridge clip shared a little information on just how things hanged. Even though a lot of the young girls died before they reached thirty, this tragedy changed lasws that expatriate people form working hands on with deadly chemicals and right to sue corporations for labor abuse. The building was torn down in 1969. The regulator then ap pointed 2 million dollars to clean up the radium. This tragedy is still affecting Ottawa today, there was a test in 2007 for radium detection and to this day it is still scattered in Ottawa. thankfully there have been no other cases of anything like this.It just shows that something lousy has to happen before things will change. On September 2, 2011 a statue was roll up of a girl holding a wilted tulip in one hand and a paintbrush in another to remember the tragedy. give thanks you for listening to my speech on the radium girls. I hope you lettered my three main points which were what was the Radium Dial Company, who the society of the living dead was and what the effects of this case had on our nation. Any questions?