Bshs/382 Research and Statistics Dq’s

hebdomad 1 DQ 1 1. Voluntary consent of the participant is absolutely essential. The caseful area must be capable of braggart(a) consent with discover coercion, and full responsibility for arrive ating consent rests with the forefront investigator. 2. The audition must be designed to bring forth results that go out benefit society and that shtup non be obtained in any other manner. 3. kind-hearted experimentation should be based on animal inquiry results as well as knowledge of the natural course of steadyts, disease, or problems. 4. twain unnecessary mental or physical detriment should be avoided. 5. When on that fleck is reason to believe that death or disabling injury may occur, no experiment should be carryed except, perhaps, when the experimenting physicians alike serve as subjects. 6. The floor of risk should never exceed the homophileitarian importance of the problem to be solved. 7. All vigilance should be taken to protect subjects from even external po ssibilities of injury or death. 8. Only qualified personnel should be allowed to conduct experiments.The principal investigator must be ready to terminate the experiment at any stage if it appears that injury or death go forth result. Research Techniques for the Health Sciences, Fourth Edition Chapter 4 Considering Ethics in Research Explain two basic principles for humane treatment of human subjects in look into. Drawing on the course readings or a catamenia take careersign item, go forth an pattern of a study in which good principles were not followed. How might study design have been improved in that case?The two basic principles for human treatment of human subjects in look into close signifi fuckingt to me are, making sure all precaution is taken to protect subjects from even remote possibilities of injury or death, and allowing the subject to withdraw from the experiment at any magazine if a point is reached that may bring more or less physical or mental harm. It is great that we do not use humans in research as crash dummies, as if they are simply replaceable after harm and injury.It is only right to take all precautions and allow the human subject to change their mind about participating in the research. Ethical principles were not followed in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study found in our text. The human subjects were not fully aware of the study, and the purpose of the research was more so the subjects could hold out and they could coiffe an autopsy. calendar week 1 DQ 2 What are the advantages of victimization a immix ordering attempt to research? What are the challenges? Provide an fashion model of how you have used (or, in the future, could use) this approach in your professional role.The loudness of the research 2) Use of multiple modes in a research helps to research a outgrowth or a problem from all sides 3) physical exertion of different approaches helps to focus on a single process and con unfluctuatings the info accuracy. A mixed research complements a result from ace event of research with another peerless. This research does not miss any on tap(predicate) data. The aim of a mixed method design is to tote up validating aspects of two approaches and produce a highly accurate data.When you use some(prenominal) methods in your research process, therefore you can use the faculty of all(prenominal) type of information collection and minimize the weak points of every of both approaches. A mixed method approach of gathering and evaluation can growing the validity and accuracy of the information. The advantages of using a mixed method approach to research are having several different outcomes in the process of your research. What this does is allows the researcher to use the strengths from the information pile up and minimize the weaknesses from the information collected. employ a mixed method approach can ultimately increase the accuracy and validity of the information. The challenges of using a mixed method approach will be that the age of researching will be extended. Extending the time of research could definitely be a challenge if there is a time frame to find results in. Depending on the purpose of the research, using a mixed method approach can be a waist of time. An caseful of using the mixed method approach was when I wanted to search (qualitative objective) why people shop on-line.I conducted open-ended querys (qualitative data collection) intercommunicate people why they shop on-line, and then I quantified the results by ascertain the number of times each type of response occurred (quantitative data analysis). hebdomad 2 DQ 1 What is the difference between reli qualification and validity? envisage that you are going to give a new instrument for research in your field, using course readings, turn in specific morals of how you might go about establishing its reliability and validity. (Make sure to cover at least one approach for determining reliability a nd one for determining validity. Reliability is, roughly, whether you could duplicate an experiment and stimulate comparable results either because an individuals responses are consistent (for example, their reply times in a outpouring are consistent when the try is carried out again), or the oecumenical overall results are consistent (for example, the median(a) score on a test is the said(prenominal) or identical when carried out again on a comparable group) Validity is whether the stimulate you are using really throwaways what you are using it to measure.For example, if you devised a test to measure peoples self-esteem, does it really measure self-esteem, or something similar such as extraversion? Reliability refers to the ability to perform the same experiment and make out the same results. Validity refers to the accuracy of those results. You could perform the same experiment many a(prenominal) times and get the same results, but they may not be correct (if the exp eriment is flawed for example). This would be reliable, but not valid. Conversely, you could perform an experiment that yields accurate results once, but not when it is repeated.This would be accurate (one time anyway), but not reliable. Reliability is the consistency of the degree to which an instrument measures the same way each time it is used under the same modify with the same subjects in short, it is replicating an experiment and getting comparable results. For example, a punt test measuring reply time showing the same reaction times as the first test. Reliability is all about the ability to perform the same experiment and get the same results. Validity is whether the puddle you are using really measures what you are using it to measure.It is essentially the strength of our conclusions, inferences or propositions. For example, a test measuring peoples confidence, does it really measure confidence, or something similar such as faith in something? Week 2 DQ 2 What are some o f the advantages and disadvantages of travel along research? Provide an example of survey research findings that were recently published in the news. First, briefly summarize the study design and findings. Second, based on what we have read about survey research, provide critical feedback on this studys design or explain what additional information you would need to make a critical legal opinion of this study.Strengths 9. Surveys are relatively inexpensive (especially self-administered surveys). 10. Surveys are useful in describing the characteristics of a self-aggrandizing population. No other method of remark can provide this general capability. 11. They can be administered from remote locations using mail, email or telephone. 12. Consequently, very large ideals are feasible, making the results statistically significant even when analyzing multiple variables. 13. some questions can be asked about a attached topic giving considerable flexibility to the analysis. 14.There is flexibilty at the human race phase in deciding how the questions will be administered as opposite interviews, by telephone, as group administered written or oral survey, or by electonic means. 15. Standardized questions make measurement more precise by enforcing uniform definitions upon the participants. 16. Standardization ensures that similar data can be collected from groups then interpreted comparatively (between-group study). 17. Usually, high reliability is easy to obtainby presenting all subjects with a standardized stimulus, observer subjectivity is greatly eliminated.Weaknesses * A methodology relying on standardization forces the researcher to develop questions general enough to be minimally appropriate for all respondents, possibly missing what is most appropriate to many respondents. * Surveys are inflexible in that they contend the initial study design (the tool and administration of the tool) to remain unvaried throughout the data collection. * The researcher must ensure that a large number of the selected sample will reply. * It may be hard for participants to repudiate information or to name the truth about a polemic question. As opposed to direct observation, survey research (excluding some interview approaches) can seldom deal with context. Advantages of survey research could be court efficiency since surveys are relatively inexpensive. Surveys are useful in describing the characteristics of a large population and not a lot of other methods of observation can provide this general capability. They can be administered from distant locations. Many questions can be asked about a given topic giving flexibility to the analysis. Disadvantages of survey research could be researchers creation forced to develop general questions.Surveys are inflexible because they remain unchanged throughout the data collection. Also, with surveys the researcher must ensure that a large number of the selected sample will reply, otherwise the survey would not be sufficient. In the news there was a survey about homelessness in Santa Cruz County. A count and survey conducted by the United Way of Santa Cruz County and the nonprofit research firm Applied Survey Research, and it showed that the homeless population in Santa Cruz County has jumped 22 percent in two years. The survey design was cross-sectional. It asked several questions at one oint in time. The survey collected age, gender, race, and reason for be homeless. http//www. santacruzsentinel. com/opinion/ci_18565125 http//www. phc-santacruz. org/_pdfs/2011%20Santa%20Cruz%20Homeless%20Report%20-%20FINAL. pdf Week 3 DQ 1 How can you avoid crook when selecting samples for human go research? Imagine that you are going to design a survey that will be administered to consumers/clients in your field (e. g. , nursing home residents, young person mentors, single mothers) how would you go about sampling from this population in order to generate meaningful data?What might be some of the c hallenges in ending up with a representative sample? To avoid bias when selecting samples for human service research a different set of individuals should be chosen within the same community. Different ethnicities, different genders, equals different beliefs, backgrounds, and futures. Selecting individuals in this manner should avoid bias. Hypothetically I work for an organization that offers services to young and troubled girls, especially those who have been to juvenile hall. Schools and juvenile halls if permitted would be great places to begin my sampling.Schools and juvenile halls both have a diverse population where bias could be avoided. The bulwarks I could see myself running into would be getting the permission to survey the minors in the first place. The biggest barrier would be knowing what girls are considered troubled or not and who they are specifically to get only their feedback and not girls who are not considered troubled. Week 3 DQ 2 List different measures of va riability discussed in the readings and, using your professional field, provide an example to illustrate the concept.If you were a manager face at these measures of variability around some aspect of employee productivity, what may they tell you about an individuals or teams performance? The range is the most obvious measure of dispersion and is the difference between the lowest and highest set in a dataset. The range is based solely on the two most intense hold dears within the dataset. The range is simple to compute and is useful when you conjure to evaluate the whole of a dataset. The standard deviance indicates how tightly the values in the dataset are bunched around the mean value.The standard deviation is the most vigorous measure of variability because its measuring how every value in the dataset varies from the mean. You must be careful when calculating the standard deviation to consider whether the entire population or a sample is being examined and to use the appropria te formula. If I were a manager looking at these measures of variability around some aspect of employee productivity, the range would point out the highs and the lows of the team performance.This would allow me to know my teams strength and weakness, and then I would be able to work on ways to negligible the weaknesses in performance. Week 4 DQ 1 Based on the casebook readings, describe the third variable problem as it relates to correlation and provide an example of how you might see this played out in your give birth field. Week 4 DQ 2 How does hypothesis interrogation contribute to the scientific knowledge base? Based on the textbooks descriptions of hypothesis testing, provide an example of how you might implement this in your work. othesis is an edjucated guess an it is some times the closest we can get to the trueth of things we do not yet understand Scientists use a scientific method to investigate phenomena and acquire knowledge. They base the method on verifiable observ ation i. e. , on empirical evidence rather than on pure logic or supposition and on the principles of reasoning. 1 2 Scientists propose explanations called hypotheses for their find phenomena, and perform experiments to determine whether the results accord with (support) the hypotheses or falsify them.They also mould theories that encompass whole domains of inquiry, and which bind supported hypotheses together into logically persistent wholes. They refer to theories sometimes as models, which usually have a numerical or computational basis. 3 4 determining the focus and direction of the research, it forces researcher to area the purpose of the activity, determines what variable are being studied and or considered and also it allows to a required operational definition of the variable that are being studied. supposition testing is a must for any person to successfully test their studies and make sure there are no flaws. Hypothesis is an educated guess an it is some times the closest we can get to the truth on matters that we do not yet understand. Scientist base their method on verifiable observation rather than on logic. Hypothesis testing forces researchers to address the purpose of the activity while determining what variables need to be studied and also requires operational definition.