Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Autoimmune Disorder

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Auto repellent DisorderAUTOIMMUNE DISORDERSThe tolerant system is an important system within the human clay that defends against unsoundness and internal malfunction. When there is an invader or a pathogen, the bodys immune system responds accordingly, usually ruining the pathogen before it potty infect the body and cause illness. The immune system alike aids identify malfunctioning cells and eliminates them before faulty desoxyribonucleic acid is replicated. autoimmune disorders continue when the immune system of a immenseanimous no monthlong identifies foreign versus self correctly. The immune system of a patient with an autoimmune disorder entrust beset the bodys cells or tissues causing ruin or death. (Lettre Rioux, 2008).autoimmune disorders arsehole be genetically predisposed, but erect because a patient is predisposed to a particular disorder does not mean they will necessarily experience it. Often times, autoimmune disorders occu r through a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental f transactionors. This means a patient may have a genetic predisposition for general lupus erythematosus but the disorder is triggered by an invading virus the patient encounters and precisely thereafter do they suffer from the symptoms of disseminated lupus erythematosus. There argon now 68 genetic precursors that argon linked to the development of autoimmune disorders, while in the past only about 15 had been set. Symptoms of autoimmune distempers vary depending on what part of the body the immune system is assail (Understanding Autoimmune Diseases, 2016) (Lettre Rioux, 2008). inwardly the immune system there argon several types of cells. B-cells and T-cells play rudimentary roles within the immune system and in autoimmune diseases. There are two types of T-cells, CD4 T- processer cells that identify an invader and make the antibody creating B-cells aware and CD8 cytotoxic T-cells which will destroy a pre viously encountered threat without stimulating the creation of antibodies by B-cells. CD4 T-cells are in any case known as regulatory T-cells (Treg cells). These Tregs play a role in preventing autoimmunity by maintaining the ability to identify self. When these cells no longer identify self properly or at all, an autoimmune disease occurs. When T-helper cells do not identify self-versus-foreign properly they stimulate B-cells to create antibodies to destroy the bodys tissues or cells, called autoantibodies, or the cytotoxic T-cells will destroy the tissue or cells of oneself. (Venes et al., 2005, pp. 132, 135, 203, 204) (Corthay, 2009) (Hampe, 2012).disseminated lupus erythematosus or Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is an autoimmune disease most ordinarily characterized by crossroads pain (arthralgia) and swelling (edema). systemic lupus erythematosus thunder mug also cause fatigue, mouth sores, sensitivity to sunlight, and butterfly rash crosswise the cheeks and odorize of the face, and hair loss. Other symptoms depend on where the body is being attacked by the immune system. For instance, if the immune system of a patient with disseminated lupus erythematosus is attacking the heart of the patient an additional symptom of arrhythmia may be experienced. (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, 2016).Diagnosis of SLE can be difficult as it can be associated with varying symptoms. A runnel known as antinuclear antibody analyze (ANA) is use to help diagnose SLE. An antinuclear antibody is an antibody created by the patients immune system to attack the bodys tissues and cells. Some ANA tests are enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect florescent antibody (IFA). These tests examine how many antinuclear antibodies are present in a patients blood. ANA tests are used when the autoimmune disease may be affecting much than one area of the body this is called a systemic autoimmune disease. Because SLE is systemic, an ANA test helps confirm that SLE is the dia gnosis as opposed to rheumatoid arthritis. However, having a positive ANA test does not mean that a patient has SLE. SLE is often misdiagnosed as rheumatoid arthritis because they share common symptoms such as edema and arthralgia this is why doctors often use an assortment of early(a) tests to diagnose SLE, along with a physical exam as four of the eleven common symptoms of SLE must be present before a patient can be diagnosed. Some of those common symptoms were listed above butterfly rash across the face, occasion pain, sensitivity to sunlight, hair loss, fatigue, and edema. (Antinuclear Antibody, 2017)(Starkebaum, 2016)(Bocco, 2017).Systemic Lupus Erythematosus can be handle but not cured. Because it is an autoimmune disease, SLE is treated with immunosuppressives. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an immunosuppressant that slows down the immune system and its attack on the bodys tissues and cells. HCQ was originally used in the treatment of malaria and is known as a disease-modify ing anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD). It is recommended that patients diagnosed with SLE warmly start a HCQ regiment as this drug help prevent further dam mount from the disease process. HCQ is usually used in chorus with other pain relief drugs because HCQ itself does not provide immediate pain relief. NSAIDS (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are often used in reciprocal pain management for patients with SLE. Over time, HCQ will help relieve joint pain in SLE sufferers as well as help stop further damage to any other affected variety meat and joints. Corticosteroids are often also prescribed to those with SLE as joint pain is a prominent symptom of SLE. Corticosteroids mimic naturally produced conceptive anti-inflammatory substances within the body. However, treatments come with endangerment positionors. In rare cases, HQC can cause retinopathy retinopathy is when vision is altered or complete blindness occurs. Likewise, long term use of corticosteroids has adverse effects in cluding osteoporosis, hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), and cataracts. back breaker of corticosteroids are adjusted for long term use in patients with SLE to avoid these side effects and routine eye exams are do on those using HCQ to prevent retinopathy. (Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine), 2014) (Bartels, 2016) (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015).Systemic Lupus Erythematosus predominantly affects women. Research suggests this is due in part to oestrogen. For every one man diagnosed with SLE, there are nine to twenty women diagnosed. Within the population of women who are at risk for SLE, women who are not white are at a higher(prenominal) risk for SLE as well as women under the age of 15 and over the age of 45. The discrepancy in race may have to do with the fact that colored females have higher record levels of estrogen than do white females. Estrogen is thought to make women more susceptible to an autoimmune disease such as SLE because of its intracellular transcription ability to alter DNA . The effects of estrogen have also been studied holistically in association with the disease. Estrogen may encourage systemic inflammation in SLE and affect the severity of the disease and neat instances of it. Although estrogen has been identified as causing inflammation it has also been identified as prohibiting inflammation thus meaning estrogen can act oppositely as it does in SLE in terms of other autoimmune disease. The discrepancy between the genders cannot completely be accounted for primarily with estrogen levels, however. Sex hormones are not the only determining factor for autoimmune diseases, others include epigenetics, infections, genetics, and external environment. (Pierdominici Ortona, 2013, pp. 25-27) (Khan Ahmed, 2015) (Isherwood Witter, 2012)ReferencesAntinuclear Antibody (ANA). (2017, March 22). Retrieved March 23, 2017, from Lab Tests Online website https//labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/ana/ assay/test/Bartels, C. M. (2016, September 19). Systemi c Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Treatment and Management (H. S. Diamond, Ed.). Retrieved March 23, 2017, from Medscape website http//emedicine.medscape.com/ name/332244-treatmentBocco, D. (2017, January 3). The Difference Between Lupus and RA (N. Carteron, Ed.). Retrieved March 23, 2017, from Healthline website http//www.healthline.com/health/lupus-and-raOverview1Corthay, A. (2009, June 27). How do regulatory T Cells Work? Retrieved March 22, 2017, from NCBI website https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784904/Hampe, C. S. (2012, September 23). B Cells in Autoimmune Diseases. Retrieved March 22, 2017, from Hindawi website https//www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2012/215308/Hansen, M. S., Schuman, S. G. (2011, June). Hydroxychloroquine-Induced Retinal Toxicity. Retrieved March 23, 2017, from American Academy of Ophthamology website https//www.aao.org/eyenet/article/hydroxychloroquine-induced-retinal-toxicityIsherwood, D., Witter, J. (2012, July 16). Lupus fact sheet (B. Diam ond, Ed.). Retrieved March 24, 2017, from Womenshealth.gov website https//www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/lupus.htmlKhan, D., Ahmed, S. A. (2015, December 3). The Immune System Is a essential Target for Estrogen Action Opposing Effects of Estrogen in Two Prototypical Autoimmune Diseases. Retrieved March 24, 2017, from NCBI website https//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4701921/Mayo Clinic Staff. (2015, November 26). Prednisone and other corticosteroids. Retrieved March 23, 2017, from Mayo Clinic website http//www.mayoclinic.org/steroids/art-20045692?pg=2Pierdominici, M., Ortona, E. (2013). Estrogen Impact on Autoimmunity blast and Progression the Paradigm of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. International Trends in Immunity, 1(2), 24-34. Retrieved from http//researchpub.org/journal/iti/ amount/vol1-no2/vol1-no2-3.pdfPlaquenil (hydroxychloroquine). (2014, February 10). Retrieved March 23, 2017, from Netdoctor website http//www.netdoctor.co.uk/medici nes/aches-and-pains/a7356/plaquenil-hydroxychloroquine/Starkebaum, G. A. (2016, January 16). Systemic lupus erythematosus. Retrieved March 23, 2017, from MedlinePlus website https//medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000435.htmUnderstanding Autoimmune Diseases. (2016, March). Retrieved March 22, 2017, from National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases website https//www.niams.nih.gov/%5C/Health_Info/Autoimmune/default.aspVenes, D., Biderman, A., Adler, E., Fenton, B. G., Enright, A. D., Patwell, J., . . . Wight, A.-A. (Eds.). (2005). Tabers Cyclopedic medical checkup Dictionary (20th ed.). Philadelphia, PA F.A. Davis Company.