Moby Dick, Sophies World, East of Eden Essay Example for Free

Moby Dick, Sophies World, East of Eden Essay In today’s society, the issues of fate and free will are hotly debated, drawing in heated discussions of religion, chance, and the extent of free will. While some believe we have a significant amount of control over our lives exercised through free will in our choices, others believe an entirely different power is at hand in controlling our lives. These issues often find themselves associated in literature, with examples such as John Steinbeck’s East of Eden, Herman Melville’s Moby Dick, and Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. Among these books, there are different interpretations on the role of fate and free will in human life. In particular, these three different works of literature express varying shows of balance between fate and free will, and how easily that balance can be changed. Ultimately, it is the decisions made by the different characters, the reasons behind their choices, and the respective consequences that ensue that lead understanding of the different demonstrations of the authors’ interpretations of free will and fate. Free will and fate are often regarded in terms of a balance, in that there is some of life that is controllable by using choice, represented as our free will, while there is still another portion where there is little to no control, something we call fate. This observation of a balance between free will and fate is especially seen in Herman Melville’s Moby Dick. In Moby Dick, Ishmael, our protagonist, finds himself in the company of Queequeg, the chief harpooner aboard the Pequod. While together, Ishmael and Queequeg weave a mat, with Ishmael passing the shuttle through the threads on the loom while Queequeg strikes the woof with his sword, to tamp down the threads. During their weaving, Ishmael makes an observation in that their current activity was like how fate, free will, and chance worked, thinking, â€Å"it seemed as if this were the Loom of Time, and I myself were a shuttle mechanically weaving and weaving away at the fates†. Ishmael compares fate to the â€Å"fixed threads of warped of the warp subject to but one unchanging vibration† on the loom. He then connects free will to his actions, â€Å"with my own hand, I ply my own shuttle and weave my own destiny into these unalterable threads†. He puts t he final pieces together by saying that chance is like when Queequeg strikes the woof, being he was â€Å"sometimes hitting the woof slantingly, or crookedly, or strongly, or weakly† that led to â€Å"producing a corresponding contrast in the final aspect of the completed fabric†. His connection with the mat making and fate demonstrated his perspective of the balance between fate and free will, and perhaps brings to light one of the more major themes of Moby Dick. He believes that free will is bound by fixed limitations we perceive as fate, and that our choices are limited to what we can weave around our limitations, with the exception of random occurrences called chance, which can alter the limitations fate puts on our expressed free will. In Moby Dick, different motive often leads to different choices, which overall comes together to establish various consequences. Queequeg, one of the crewmembers under Captain Ahab, had fallen ill while aboard the Pequod. In absence of proper medicine and medical attention, the most obvious conclusion was that Queequeg was going to die aboard the ship. He had even prepared for death by having a coffin made for him. At the end of it all, when it had seemed that fate had established his end, Queequeg simply claimed that he re membered he had some duties left to do ashore, and that he still had responsibilities. With his own will, he tried defy fate by recovering from his illness, attempting to give himself time to do his business ashore. The fact that the motive behind his prolonging of death was due to his responsibilities, one could easily interpret his decisions as noble and respectable. However, Queequeg was but one of the two members of the Pequod who attempted to defy fate, the other of which being none other than the captain himself, Captain Ahab. After losing his leg in an encounter with Moby Dick, Captain Ahab had grown rather obsessed with capturing Moby Dick, much to the point of giving up his sanity. However with all the stories of the great sperm whale, and even now knowing how destructive the whale could be, it was safe to say his search for the whale was ill-fated. However, even with fate clearly saying that his trip would lead to his own demise and possibly more, he was determined to capture Moby Dick purely out of spite and vengeance, two reasons that are often seen in negative light. What it all came down to was Queequeg’s noble intentions in trying to defy fate allowed him to recover from his illness and gave him more time, while Captain Ahab’s bitter motives ultimately led to not only the demise of the Pequod and its crew (excluding Ishmael), but also that of his own. Perhaps this brings to light another major theme of Moby Dick, in that it is ultimately our decisions in life and the reasons behind them that shape up how fate operates in our individual lives. This, along with the idea of the existence of human free will limited by fate yet alterable by chance, establishes the general idea of fate and free will have a crucial roles in making it possible to understand and comprehend Moby Dick and all of its themes. Just as fate and free will have important roles in determining how life is experienced by an individual, they also have key roles and determining of how an individual behaves. In a sense, it’s almost as if the decision of how a human is natured is a determinant in establishing the line between good vs. evil in a person. This good vs. evil concept could especially be seen in John Steinbeck’s East of Eden. Caleb Trask, the protagonist, struggles throughout the book while in a fight where he tries to suppress and overcome his inner demons. Caleb, son of Adam and Cathy, had lived his life in the shadow of his brother Aron, who was obviously in better light with his father. While Aron symbolically was the embodiment of all that was good, Caleb was the opposite, having had embodied evil, like his mothe r. However, Caleb demonstrates the usage of free will in the struggle of overcoming evil. This is clearly shown during the confrontation of him and his mother, and his realization that Cathy is a prostitute. When Caleb meets with Cathy, Cathy tries to convince Caleb that in addition to her being evil herself, he also has the same evil within himself, and that he is more like her than he knows. However, he realizes otherwise, that he has choice in whether or not he would be evil. At the end of their conversation, Caleb reminisces on what Lee said, saying that, â€Å"I was afraid I had you in me†¦ [But] I’m my own. I don’t have to be you†. At this part of the story, Caleb demonstrates understanding of one of the major themes of the story, simply known as Timshel. Caleb realizes that it is his choice, his own free will to overcome evil. He establishes that while there is evil in all of us, we are all capable of overcoming that evil, and choosing whatever path we wish to walk, all by using free will. While Caleb had ultimately come to the conclusion that morality is a free choice, other characters of East of Eden had other interpretations of morality. Aron, Caleb’s brother, for example had a problem with the overcoming of evil. His world had been neatly put together for him so that he only had to face good in life, to the point where his mother’s evil proved too much for him. Cathy, had been convinced that world was nothing but evil, and therefore accepted it and settled for using deception in order to advance in life. In the end, however, the evil she had spent her life embodying herself in proved to be just as overwhelming to her as it was to her son Aron, and she ultimately commits suicide. Caleb, standing at the crossroads of good and evil, successfully applies Lee’s advice and realizes morality is free choice, and that free will and determination are enough to overcome evil and lead a life of righteousness. By accepting that humans are imperfect and sinful, Caleb was able to realize that humans don’t need to be perfect to be good, and that true goodness comes after overcoming evil. Because he had applied Timshel in his life he became capable of living a controllable life, one with a moral destiny that truly belonged to him. John Steinbeck’s in-depth coverage of the story of Caleb and his choices truly make Timshel, or â€Å"thou mayest†, a very powerful and key theme in East of Eden. The role of free will in this story establishes the fact that e vil can be overcome by human, regardless of fate, and all up to moral decision. Just as previously stated and seen in books like Moby Dick and East of Eden, free will and fate are often seen as in a balance, sometimes with the weight over on fate’s side or vice versa. However, there are instances where free will can completely overcome fate in cases where it doesn’t seem to the slightest bit possible. Such an example of impossible overcoming of fate with free will can be seen in Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World. In Sophie’s World, the story of Sophie, a 14 year old girl who undergoes philosophy lessons, is followed. Sophie, who consistently receives notes not addressed to her but with ponderous questions such as â€Å"Who are you†, believes that her life is practical, and that she is living her own life. However though a complicated turn of events, it is shown that Sophie, along with her philosophy teacher Alberto, are both part of another man’s imagination, characters of his mind. Albert Knag, the man behind it a ll, can be seen as fate, in that he controls what happens to Sophie and Alberto showing that they do not truly have a choice, and that their sense of free will was but an illusion. Though the odds against them are tremendous, being they are characters in Knag’s book and in his mind, Sophie shows a giant show of free will and escape, using the help of Alberto. Using nothing but free will, Sophie does the impossible and escapes the book and becomes a spirit, able to roam the world but fated to have limited interaction with the world. However, it is shown that Sophie plans on attempting on have more and more influence in the real world and that she is not content with being an invisible person forever. Gaarder demonstrates a theme of how limitless free will truly is, and how fate can be overcome regardless of how the odds are stacked. With all three of these literary pieces, there is a similarity in that all three books cover the topic of fate and free will. However, these three books show different interpretations of the extent of the two factors, and what is and isn’t possible when interacting with the two. Such as in the case of Moby Dick, free will and fate are shown to be in a balance, with the two working around each other nicely. It is also seen that fate cannot be overcome, in that the demise of the entire crew was inevitable. In East of Eden, fate and free will were shown to have impact on how a person is perceived as good or evil, and how free will can potential allow one to completely overcome evil. In the case of fate, free will is shown to be able to overcome it, however only with tremendous effort and understanding. Similarly, in Sophie’s World, fate was able to be overcome, but again, only with a tremendous amount of effort and understanding. These three books together and their respec tive morals and themes can be directly applied to daily life. Free will and fate do have roles in human life, in that misfortunes can often be presented and perceived as fate, and naturally actions in the form of free will can additionally play in overcoming those misfortunes. By utilizing and exercising free will in daily life, the perception of fate as being something completely uncontrollable can easily be brought down to a more containable entity. Moreover, with the understanding of free will and fate that these three books offer, the opportunity for a life with a controllable moral future becomes available. In these three novels, the overall theme of a relation between free will and fate is existent. Respectively, the three authors of these books show their own interpretations of how fate and free will coincide, and how much control humans have on their own fate, or just how much free will they can exercise. However it is seen in all three books that with enough exercise of free will in the right light, positive events may occur, such as East of Eden’s Caleb overcoming evil, Moby Dick’s Queequeg recovery from his almost certain fatal illness, and Sophie’s World’s Sophie, who escaped her confinements of being a controlled character in another man’s mind. Though the authors may have had their own unique interpretation of fate and free will, with their respective limits, the overall message that all three authors would most likely agree on would be humans are given a tremendous amount of free will and are presented with different kinds of fate, and that what they choose to do with that free will ultimately decides how much fate will control their life.

Salvador Dali :: essays research papers fc

(1904-1989) Salvador Dali was born into a middle-class family on May 11th, 1904 in Figures Spain. In 1921 he entered the San Fernando Academy of Fine Arts in Madrid where he made friends with Federico Garcia Lorca, Luis Bunuel, and Eugenio Montes. He pursued his personal intersest in Cubism and Futurism. In June of 1923 Dali was suspended from the Academy for having indicated the students to rebel against the authorities of the school. He was let back in October of 1925, and a year later Dali was permanently expelled. In 1924 he was imprisoned in Figures and Gerona for political reasons. Dali joined the Surrealists in 1929 due to the influence of metaphysical paintings, and his contact with Miro. Dali developed his method over the next few years. He describes his method as 'paranoic-critical, a 'spontaneous method of irrational knowledge based on critical and systematic objectivation of delirious associations and interpretations.' Works he produced at this time include The Lugubrious Game 1929, The Persistence of Memory 1931, and Surrealist Objects, Gauges of Instantaneous Memory 1932. Salvador Dali was the top Surrealists of this time. Surrealism explored the subconscious, the dream world, and irrational elements of the psyche in the belief that the discoveries to be made from such exploration would be of more fundamental importance to the human condition than any other form of social analysis. Salvador Dali was very fascinated by the fleeting state of the mind between sleep and consciousness, dream and reality, sanity and insanity, as one in which the mind functioned purely, free from the constraints of logic and social behavior. He read psychological case histories, hoping to represent neuroses in an ultra-realistic style, objectifying the irrational with photographic accuracy. In 1936, Dali began painting in a classical manner again, switching between Italian, Spanish and pompier styles. Dali was very politically involved, and had some extreme opinions. He was fascinated with Hitler, and his relations with the rest of the Surrealist group became strained after 1934, breaking away in 1939 when he declared his support for Franco. He moved to the USA, living there from 1939-1948. Dali held many one-man shows during his career. He directed and was a part of many films including the first surrealist film "Un Chiea A Dalou A Andalusian Dog", with the director Luis Bunuel. In 1945 he designed the surrealistic dream sequence for Hitchcock's Spellbound, and filmed Don Juan Tenorio, in 1951. Salvador Dali :: essays research papers fc (1904-1989) Salvador Dali was born into a middle-class family on May 11th, 1904 in Figures Spain. In 1921 he entered the San Fernando Academy of Fine Arts in Madrid where he made friends with Federico Garcia Lorca, Luis Bunuel, and Eugenio Montes. He pursued his personal intersest in Cubism and Futurism. In June of 1923 Dali was suspended from the Academy for having indicated the students to rebel against the authorities of the school. He was let back in October of 1925, and a year later Dali was permanently expelled. In 1924 he was imprisoned in Figures and Gerona for political reasons. Dali joined the Surrealists in 1929 due to the influence of metaphysical paintings, and his contact with Miro. Dali developed his method over the next few years. He describes his method as 'paranoic-critical, a 'spontaneous method of irrational knowledge based on critical and systematic objectivation of delirious associations and interpretations.' Works he produced at this time include The Lugubrious Game 1929, The Persistence of Memory 1931, and Surrealist Objects, Gauges of Instantaneous Memory 1932. Salvador Dali was the top Surrealists of this time. Surrealism explored the subconscious, the dream world, and irrational elements of the psyche in the belief that the discoveries to be made from such exploration would be of more fundamental importance to the human condition than any other form of social analysis. Salvador Dali was very fascinated by the fleeting state of the mind between sleep and consciousness, dream and reality, sanity and insanity, as one in which the mind functioned purely, free from the constraints of logic and social behavior. He read psychological case histories, hoping to represent neuroses in an ultra-realistic style, objectifying the irrational with photographic accuracy. In 1936, Dali began painting in a classical manner again, switching between Italian, Spanish and pompier styles. Dali was very politically involved, and had some extreme opinions. He was fascinated with Hitler, and his relations with the rest of the Surrealist group became strained after 1934, breaking away in 1939 when he declared his support for Franco. He moved to the USA, living there from 1939-1948. Dali held many one-man shows during his career. He directed and was a part of many films including the first surrealist film "Un Chiea A Dalou A Andalusian Dog", with the director Luis Bunuel. In 1945 he designed the surrealistic dream sequence for Hitchcock's Spellbound, and filmed Don Juan Tenorio, in 1951.

Psycho, the greatest film of all time?

This essay will attempt to show you the brilliance that is Psycho and how Alfred Hitchcock managed to create a film which even today grabs and retains the interest of any audience. The music in the film Psycho was a brand new idea at its time in the 1960s and acted like magic on audiences, making them sit in horror at the edge of their seats. The music in Psycho is ‘non-diagetic' and is performed by an all-strings orchestra. At the time when Psycho was released, using music that was played by an all-strings orchestra in horror movies was a brand new idea and startled film critics and the audience alike. This method of using high-pitched, sharp music was such an effective idea that many other horror films and television series adopted the thought and this style of music is still used to this day (for example, in Nightmare on Elm Street. Using an all-strings orchestra in Psycho was a fantastic way of building tension and it worked very effectively. The reason it worked so well was because the sound was so recognisable. This is because, as the music was played on and on-and-off basis, the audience gradually noticed that when the music played, something bad was probably about to happen. No other music could have been used in Psycho which would have created the same amount of tension in the movie and sounded so shrill and discordant. To a pre-1970s audience, the all-strings music was remarkably effective and the music by itself built tension. Nowadays, when a modern audience watches Psycho, they react in the same way as audiences over thirty years ago, even though they are used to music like this. The eerie sound of string instruments playing sharp scratchy notes, e. g. in the shower scene, still makes modern audiences sit on the edge of their seats and watch in suspense as the plot unfolds. The music in Alfred Hitchcock's horror films was so important and effective that without it the films would not have succeeded. It is possible to see that when his films are watched on mute, the suspense disappears and the film becomes boring and not at all exciting. Even the brilliant use of lighting and shadows is not enough to keep the interest of any audience watching Psycho without the music. The plot of Psycho is ingenious and has to be one of the greatest stories of all time. Alfred Hitchcock used a brilliant technique in all his films for retaining the audience's interest which he called â€Å"the McGuffin†i. Alfred Hitchcock used this technique in all his films to catch the viewer's attention and drive the plot. In Psycho, the McGuffin was the $40,000 in cash stolen by Marion. In the first half of the film, the audience is led to believe that the movie is essentially about the stolen money, and this alone envelops the viewer's attention because the plot is so tightly and perfectly constructed. By the end of the film though, few people remember that the money even existed, as the McGuffin is only really needed to move the audience into the Bates Hotel. The plot was designed very cleverly by Alfred Hitchcock. To grab his audience's attention, he made the audience ask questions. He does this right from the very beginning of Psycho until the end of it. For example, in the first scene alone, when Sam and Marion are meeting secretly during their lunch break, the audience is made to think: can Sam pay off his father's debts and his wife's alimony? Will they get married? Will they get caught together? etc. , etc. Forcing the audience to ask questions mentally, traps their attention, as they want to know the answers. Another way that the plot does well to catch and retain an audience's focus is the suspense which is built up so frequently. When suspense is built up, the audience always wants to know what will happen next. As the storyline twists and turns and the viewers get surprises, the audience becomes drawn into the film and becomes more involved. For instance, when the main character is suddenly killed halfway through the film in an unforgettable scene, the audience is left wondering: what will happen next? Who will be the new main character? All of these sudden changes in plot shock the viewer more and more and make the film more exciting and interesting. Another change in plot is when Sam, Lila, the sheriff and his wife meet after church in broad daylight. This break in the tension allows the viewer to relax and watch a different scene; one in daylight, which is not eerie and in shadow. This may appear to be an odd change in plot, but it helps keep all audiences focused. A very clever ingredient in Psycho, was Alfred Hitchcock's excellent positioning of objects on the film set. Using his complicated knowledge of filming and positioning, he created scenes which convinced the eye of an alteration to the truth. He set objects up, for instance, in the eerie house, which looked so normal and blended in with the film perfectly. He placed typical old-woman-objects in Norman's mother's bedroom to make the audience convinced that there really was an old woman living in the house and that she was still there. He also placed objects such as a toy fire engine and a male dole in Norman Bate's old room to make it suit its part. These little things are actually precisely positioned so that they suit the atmosphere and the audience sub-consciously notices them. All audiences, modern and old alike, notice these little differences and it is things like this which manage to retain the interest of an audience watching Psycho. Set pieces were not all small though. The large old Victorian style house atop a hill was specifically chosen for its image and its evil and dark appearance. The camera, throughout the whole film, always filmed this house from below, making it appear to tower over all else and cast a dark shadow over everything. The actors chosen for Psycho, despite in the case of most, being famous before its creation, were all picked after long deliberation by Alfred Hitchcock for their particular skillsi. Janet Leigh, for example, who played the part of Marion in Psycho, was chosen out of a list of seven possibilities. Most of the actors in Psycho were all very professional, popular and they all fitted perfectly; without them and their talent, the film could have easily turned out to be a failure (as Psycho's remake was). As all of the actors were so capable and Alfred Hitchcock directed them all so well, their talents shone through in this movie and they all appeared so realistic and their body language in Psycho was flawless. This goes for their dialogue too. They may have all been able to say their scripts, but the timing and their expressions and tones were all planned out by Hitchcock perfectly. The camera angles and lighting in Psycho are arguably the cleverest and most effective ever used in a film. Alfred Hitchcock personally worked out every camera angle and every scene in Psycho. He used the camera to guide the story, build the tension and throw twists into the ending. The camera angles used are legendary. Using Alfred Hitchcock's directing genius, one of the most famous scenes in cinematic history was created. In this one scene (the ‘Shower Scene' as it is now commonly known), seventy camera angles were used, intermixed with quick cuts to emphasise the brutality of the act; yet the knife is never actually seen penetrating Marion's body. Marion is filmed in the shower from so many different angles so that suspense is built up as the audience knows something bad must be about to happen. She looks vulnerable in the shower without any clothes and she is unsuspecting – her expression is one of concentration, on showering. All this put together, combined with Alfred Hitchcock's directing, creates an extremely scary, exciting and memorable scene. Alfred Hitchcock was obviously very talented, and when it came to the camera's positioning and lighting, he always managed to create brilliant pictures. Without using sound, Hitchcock could make people look nervous, vulnerable, strange, powerful, dangerous etc. by just using camera angles. For instance, to make the private investigator look vulnerable as he walked upstairs and reached the landing, the camera filmed him from above, looking down on him so that he looked alone and vulnerable. There was only one poorly created scene in the whole film. This was the stair scene, when Arbogast, the private investigator, falls down the stairs with a knife wound. To a 1960s audience, this scene seemed to be extremely realistic and well filmed. Unfortunately it is spoilt on a modern audience as nowadays everyone is so used to graphics and special effects that the stair scene appeared comical to us, as it wasn't realistic. It was quite obvious that there was a film of stairs coming towards the audience being played behind the falling private investigator. The lighting in Psycho was used to great effect and was directed fantastically. Alfred Hitchcock managed to create different atmospheres in different scenes by his use of lighting and shadows. For instance, in the climax scene, when Norman Bates runs into the fruit cellar with a knife, the lighting is fantastic. When the camera turns to look at Norman's mother's wrinkled, mummified face, as the bulb swings creating strobe flashing, in the hollows of her eyes, shadows dance against the inside of her skull which creates an illusion of a mad, mirthful response to the scene before her. Today, Psycho is still looked upon as a brilliant and unique film, which even now manages to grab and retain the interest of any audience. No other film has ever managed to outclass Alfred Hitchcock's masterpiece in complexity or in cleverness. The black and white photography used is perfect for the film's tone and mood – colour would merely have blurred the nightmarish quality. Psycho is an exceptional film, which altered the course of cinematic history, and its brilliance will always be recognised.

Obesity Is A Major Concern For Health Advocates - 1239 Words

As America’s children find more enjoyment out of technology, they become more stagnant and prone to weight gain and obesity. Over the past thirty years, the child obesity rate has tripled so that, â€Å"nearly 20 percent of the nation’s children ages 6 to 11 and 18 percent of those 12 to 19 are considered obese† (Chandler, Seiss). Child obesity is a major concern for health advocates because obesity can lead to other health problems such as diabetes and heart issues. It is hard to think about children who have so many weight-related medical concerns at such a young age. For those reasons, there is, â€Å"a national effort to mobilize a generation that has been labeled the most sedentary in the nation’s history† (Chandler). Children have also become less physical because of the No Child Left Behind Law that required more time spent on academics (Kerr). In order to find more classroom time without extending the school day, many administrators are cutt ing gym class and recess. Michael Chandler, author of â€Å"In PE, Dodgeball Is Out. Zumba Is In,† states that, â€Å"In a 2007 survey of school administrators, 44 percent reported cutting time from physical education and recess, as well as other subjects, to increase reading and math instruction† (Chandler). Because of the benefits of PE classes that accompany a rise in child obesity, all schools should mandate students grades K-12 to participate in a daily PE class, even if it means cutting into academics. Those who disagree with mandatory gymShow MoreRelatedThe Media s Impact On Health Policies1068 Words   |  5 Pagesabout certain health issues from mainstream media outlets. Health professionals take different approaches to understand a health-related problem that can affect the potential interventions and policies implemented. The approach taken by the media when presenting information on health can have a major impact on how the public understands health. 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Leonardo Da Vinci The Most Famous For His Art - 1448 Words

Carly Henry S. Martinez English IV - 1st hour 3/29/16 Leonardo Da Vinci When hearing the name Leonardo da Vinci, what comes to mind? For many people it will be his artwork. This is because of all of the accomplishments da Vinci has, he is most famous for his art. What many people don’t know was that he was also a scientist, inventor, and philosopher. Da Vinci lived in a time period known as the Renaissance. This was a time of knowledge and enlightenment, and it gave birth to many of the world’s most talented and educated people. Leonardo da Vinci was a very symbolic artist, but his knowledge and inventions are what led others to follow his lead, making him the main influence of the Renaissance period. Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian man born on April 15, 1452 in Vinci, Italy. He received very little formal education, but his artistic abilities were evident from a very young age. By the time Leonardo was fourteen, he had began an apprenticeship with Andrea del Verrocchio. This apprenticeship taught him many skills including: metalwork, leather arts, carpentry, drawing, painting, and sculpting. The earliest known work by da Vinci is a pen-and-ink drawing of the landscape in Arno Valley in 1473. By age twenty, Leonardo qualified for a membership as a master artist in Florence s Guild of Saint Luke, where he established his own workshop. In 1476 Leonardo da Vinci was charged, alongside of four other men, with sodomy. Although the charges were dropped, da Vinci’sShow MoreRelatedLeonardo Da Vinci, the Epitome of the Italian Renaissance Essay792 Words   |  4 Pagesrenowned city was famous for supplying some of the best artists in the world and for creating the some of the worl d’s most treasured art. Leonardo da Vinci, possibly one of the greatest painters in the world, was born in Florence and lived his adulthood in Florence, the essence and heart of the Italian Renaissance. Leonardo da Vinci virtually changed the world and the Italian Renaissance by greatly influencing it with his fresh and unique ideas. Leonardo da Vinci, one of the most famous and acclaimedRead MoreThe Greatness Of Leonardo Da Vinci Essay910 Words   |  4 Pages The Greatness of Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci is known as one of the greatest artiest and scientist of our time. He was a famous artist, architect, musician and scientist. He was one of the first to take a scientific style towards understanding how our world works and how we see it. While critically influenced by the writings of the ancient Greeks and Romans, Leonardo, unlike many of his colleagues, saw the limitations of seeking the truth solely in those writings or the Bible (Leonardo’sRead MoreThe Da Vinci Code By Dan Brown1304 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Learn how to see. Realize that everything connects to everything else.†(Balt, 2013). This is a quote by Leonardo da Vinci and states one of his main ideas; knowledge will open your mind to new ideas and helps you learn about the past. A book that represents this quote, is the Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown. This book is the thrilling story of Robert Langdon and Sophie Neveu in their hunt to solve the dying wish of Sophie’s grandfather. Not only does it contain a fantastic storyline, it also is fullRead MoreThe Renaissance Painting : Leonardo Da Vinci And Leonardo Da Vinci971 Word s   |  4 Pagesartists creating art during the Renaissance period used fresco on plaster walls and oil on stretched canvas. Using these type of materials, helped give the paintings more perspective, depth, and color. Although there were multiple artists throughout the Renaissance period, two of the most famous artists were Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci. Michelangelo created the sculpture of â€Å"Pietà  Ã¢â‚¬  and paintings on the Sistine Chapel ceiling. Leonardo Da Vinci became known for two of his paintings, â€Å"Mona Lisa†Read MoreDa Vinci : A Genius And The Definition Of A Renaissance Man1326 Words   |  6 PagesDa Vinci has been called a genius and the definition of a Renaissance man. â€Å"Renaissance man† as â€Å"A man who has broad intellectual interests and is accomplished in areas of both the arts and the sciences.† This is a term still used today, and its derivation is obvious. Many people in the Fourteenth to Sixteenth Centuries were s killful artists and scientists, but Leonardo da Vinci was the quintessential Renaissance man†. His talents without a doubt extended far beyond his artistic works. Like manyRead MoreRenaissance Art: Leornardo Da Vinci Essay665 Words   |  3 Pagesartist is Leonardo da Vinci. He was born on April 15, 1452 in Vinci, Italy. The famous artist died on May 2, 1519 in Amboise, France. While he was alive he was a part of the Renaissance style of art. I decided to pick da Vinci because I don’t know that much about art history but the name Leonardo da Vinci stands out to everyone so I figured it would be interesting to learn about one of the most influential artists in history. When Leonardo was born his father, Piero Fruosino di Antonio da Vinci tookRead MoreStudying Renaissance through Its Art Essay1269 Words   |  6 PagesWhen we think about art there are many mediums used to express how artist feel. Some artists express themselves using pictures, music, or films. When you think of specific time periods the art work of that period expresses the overall emotions of the people, and we can learn a lot about a time period by studying the art of the time. The time period that most expresses is the Renaissance. The Renaissance is known for the paintings, sculptures and most decorative art from the European period historyRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci And His Contributions To Western Civilization1200 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Leonardo da Vinci and His Contributions to Western Civilization Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most famous artists to have ever lived, and his contributions to the development of western civilization are irrefutable. Born on April 15, 1452, near Florence, Italy, one would not have guessed that he was destined for a life of greatness. He was the illegitimate child of an up-and-coming notary and a peasant girl, and he spent most of his childhood with his doting father (â€Å"Da Vinci - The RenaissanceRead MoreAnalysis of Da Vincis Work as Being Reflective and Definitive of the Renaissance Period948 Words   |  4 PagesLeonardo Da Vinci and the Renaissance Period Objective The objective of this work examines the how Leonardo Da Vincis work is reflective and definitive of the Renaissance period and as well, describes some of Da Vincis art. This work will discuss the use of line, form, color, texture, and materials as found within one of his works and will state reasons this time period was chosen to examine in this work and why it is found to be appealing. Introduction Leonardo Da Vince was born April 15,Read MoreHumanism : Leonardo Da Vinci And The Renaissance1459 Words   |  6 Pagescentering their works on man and his experience on earth rather than in the afterlife. The Renaissance was a â€Å"gateway† to the modern world with the flourish of the arts, science, and architecture. Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci or more commonly known as Leonardo da Vinci was the embodiment of the term â€Å"Renaissance Man† because he studied various disciplines. Leonardo Da Vinci’s ideas and bodies of work have influenced countless artists, scientist, and others and made Da Vinci a leading light of the Renaissance

Woodstock Essay - 2226 Words

The muddiest four days in history were celebrated in a drug-induced haze in Sullivan County, New York (Tiber 1). Music soared through the air and into the ears of the more than 450,000 hippies that were crowded into Max Yasgurs pasture. quot;What we had here was a once-in-a-lifetime occurrence,quot; said Bethel town historian Bert Feldmen. quot;Dickens said it first: it was the best of times, it was the worst of times. Its an amalgam that will never be reproduced againquot; (Tiber 1). It also closed the New York State Thruway and created one of the nations worst traffic jams (Tiber 1). Woodstock, with its rocky beginnings, epitomized the culture of that era through music, drug use, and the thousands of hippies who attended,†¦show more content†¦At 23, he owned what may have been the first head shop in the state of Florida. In 1968, Lang produced one of the biggest rock shows ever, the two-day Miami Pop Festival, which drew 40,000 people (Tiber 1). At 24, Lang was the manager of a rock group called Train. He took his proposal for a record deal to Kornfeld at Capitol, and history began. The four met to discuss their idea at a high-rise on 83rd Street (Young 37). Lang reminisces, quot;They were kind of preppy. Today, I guess theyd be yuppiesquot; (Landy, Festival 29). The Woodstock Music and Art Fair was the name that they came up with. The four had decided to have a little party- inviting only rich stars that could afford the giant cover charge to gain entrance. By the end of their third meeting to discuss the event, the party had snowballed into a quot;bucolic concert for 50,000 people, the worlds biggest rock-n-roll showquot; (Obst 42). The four partners formed a corporation in March- Woodstock Ventures, Inc (Tiber 3). The Woodstock Ventures team scurried around to find a site (Makower 42). The 300-acre Mills Industrial Park in Wallkill, New York, would have been perfect, but Roberts interjected, quot;The vibes arent right here. This is an industrial park. We gotta have a site nowquot; (Smith 28). Finally, Max Yasgurs pasture in Sullivan County, appeared. He was a prominent dairy farmer, and was pleased to Fanning 3 receive that $10,000Show MoreRelated Woodstock Essays916 Words   |  4 Pages Woodstock 1969 The Sixties were an exciting revolutionary period with great cultural change. Some people called it the â€Å"decade of discontent† (Britannica) due to the race riots in Detroit and La, and the demonstrations against the Vietnam War. Other people called it the decade of â€Å"peace, love, and harmony† (Woodstock 69). This decade was identified as such as a result of the peace movement and the emergence of the flower children. (Britannica) The sixties were about assassination, unforgettableRead MoreWoodstock1623 Words   |  7 Pages stamped an image on American culture† B. On August 15, 1969 in Bethel, New York, the Woodstock Music and Art Fair was three day festival that was all about peace, love, understanding, music, and serious partying. C. It was a historic event that changed many peoples outlook on life and was a big part of what is known as the hippie movement. D. The Woodstock festival of 1969 is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most pivotal momentsRead MoreWoodstock 19691388 Words   |  6 Pagesthe flower children. Woodstock Music Festival took place near Woodstock New York on August 15, 16, and 17, 1969, and became a symbol of the 1960s American counterculture. Woodstock began with the following four partners: Michael Lang, the manager of a rock band, Artie Kronfeld, an executive at Capitol Records, and two capitalists, John Roberts and Joel Rosenman who supplied most of the money and the original idea. Their original plan was to build a recording studio in Woodstock, a small town in theRead MoreWoodstock Essay2087 Words   |  9 PagesWoodstock Woodstock Woodstock was a rock music festival that took place near Woodstock, New York in a town called Bethel. The festival took place over three days, August 15, 16, and 17, 1969. The original plan for Woodstock was an outdoor rock festival, three days of peace and music in the Catskill village of Woodstock. The festival was expected to attract 50,000 to 100,000 people. It was estimated that an unexpected 400,000 or more people attended. If it werent for Woodstock, rock and rollRead MoreEssay on Woodstock1677 Words   |  7 PagesWoodstock One didn’t simply go to Woodstock: one lived through it. In August 1969, the Woodstock Festival was the largest counterculture event ever staged, attracting some 500,000 people and featuring many of the country’s top acts. Two decades later, Woodstock has come to mean more than just â€Å"three days of fun and music†; it symbolizes a time of community, exuberance, and intensity since lost. Woodstock festival gave power to the youth, united people of all ages, races, andRead MoreWoodstock Research Paper1800 Words   |  8 Pages8 Apr 2011 Woodstock: Peace, Music, and Memories In the summer of 1969, a music festival known as â€Å"Woodstock† took place for three straight days in Upstate, New York with thirty-two musical acts playing, and over 400,000 people from around the world coming to join this musical and peaceful movement. Woodstock started out being a small concert, created to promote peace in the world. Now, Woodstock is still being celebrated over 40 years later. This three day music festival represented the perfectRead MoreThe Woodstock Music Festival in 1969887 Words   |  4 PagesWoodstock 1969 In August of 1969 at Bethel,New York, Woodstock was born. The three day festival was full of music,art,peace,love and crazy dancing. Woodstock was one of the most historic events of the 60s. Woodstock was a large event in the 1960’s that had both positive and negative events. At the festival many musicians that we call legends today performed at this festival and the ones who turned it down not knowing how big it was going to turn out sooner regretted it. The festival became so popularRead MoreEssay about Woodstock 19691075 Words   |  5 Pages The Woodstock of 1969 was a revolution in itself and responsible for redefining the point of view, respect, and attitude of the so-called quot;counter-culturedquot; youth of the late sixties. The attendants of the festival were youths from around the United States in ages ranging from 17 to 26. The overall mood of the festival was very relaxed and happy. Although there was a minimal amount of violence at Woodstock, there were financial problems, drugs, nudity, and traffic jams that seemedRead More Woodstock 1969 Essay1298 Words   |  6 Pages Woodstock ‘69 Many large concerts occurred throughout America in the summer of 1969, but none were as well known and symbolic as Woodstock. Its message was clear; three days of Peace and Music. Its impact on America’s culture and society as well as its youth will not be forgotten for many years to come. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Four men named Michael Lang, Artie Kornfield, John Roberts, and Joel Rosenman originally established Woodstock. The men’s initial idea for the festival was to promoteRead MoreWoodstock Research Paper1110 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Final Woodstock 1969 Every memory of the summer of 1969 is connected to, in one way or another, the historical event, Woodstock. The festival could not have left more of an impact on the â€Å"hippie† generation anymore than it did those three days of music and peace. The generation of the time wanted nothing more than what they got out of Woodstock. Today, people still look back on the festival and think of how well it made history without the expectance of doing so. Woodstock, one of the most

Managing Organizational Change And Innovation

Question: Introduce the change effort by including the situation, organization, industry, and explain the context for change. Analyze the change effort. Provide considerable discussion about the following: Description/images of the change held by the change agent. Culture and the role of culture within the change process. Diagnosis of change what, why, any resistance. Theoretical constructs and concepts that characterizes the change. Chosen methods for implementing change-why and the anticipated outcom. Description of resulting change and alignment with initial vision for change. Communication of the chang. Evaluate the quality of the outcome, processes, and the work of the change agents. Explain what went well and represented best practices. Also, devote attention to areas needing improvement and lessons learned. Present strategies for improvement and/or enhancement of success. Assure these strategies are supported with critical analytical reasoning. Answer: Executive Summary An organization refers to an instrument individuals utilize to synchronize their actions so as to achieve what they value or desire (Veronica, 2008). Companies exist to add to specialization and the distribution of industry, to use extensive technology, to economize on transaction costs, and manage the organizational setting. In order to keep up with the fast growing and ever-changing business environment, todays organizations are constantly enhancing their managerial structure. This is the official classification of authority and task relationships that control how individuals coordinate their actions and make use of resources in order to attain organizational aims. In every organization, there exists organizational culture which is a group of shared norms and values controlling organizational members exchanges with each other and with customers, dealers, and other individuals outside the firm (Kotter Cohen, 2002). Managers are tasked with choosing and managing aspects of organizat ional culture and structure so that a firm can be in charge of the activities necessary for the achievement of its goals. This is referred to as organizational design. For todays organizations to succeed in their business transactions, it is necessary for a few changes to take place. Organizational change is the progression by which a company redesigns its formation and culture to shift from its current state, to some desired upcoming state so as to boost its effectiveness (Bennis, n.d.). Every existing organization has undergone or is planning to undergo this particular process in the course of its operations. Companies or organizations that have experienced organizational change process have also witnessed some form of resistance from employees for fear of losing their jobs. However, a number of strategies have been implemented in the course of the change to address this and other issues, ensuring that the change process is successful and achieves its objectives. Organizational change is a must for any company that wants to expand and uphold competitive advantage in todays business atmosphere. Learning how to successfully use a varied workforce c an result in better decision-making and more valuable staff. Introduction In todays fast-paced business environment, any business that is in search of the pace of change to slow is most likely to be quite disappointed. That is why it is necessary for organizations to embrace change. This particular process is considered to be important since without change, businesses are likely to lose their competitive edge, and in turn fail to meet the demands of a growing base of loyal customers. In this paper, we will specifically look at one of the Fortune 500 companies, Apple Inc., and discuss a recent situation it underwent with regards to organizational change. We will discuss the change effort and process, looking at the reasons why the change was necessary. We will also highlight any resistance that was present at the time. Theoretical concepts and constructs characterizing the change at Apple will also be discussed, together with the methods for implementing change. We will be able to see how this change was communicated to the companys staff and whether or not it was in alignment with the initial vision for change. The quality of the outcome, processes and the work of change agents will also be highlighted. Strategies for improvement and/or enhancement of success at Apple in the course of the organizational change will be discussed. In addition, relevant flow diagrams, charts, and surveys will be provided in the course of this paper. The Crisis/Change effort and Processes, Organizational Culture and the role of culture within the change process Apple Inc. is United States conglomerate concerned with designing and manufacturing mainframe hardware, software, and other user electronics (Palmer, Dunford Akin, 2009). This organization is well recognized for its Macintosh personal computer line, MacOSx, the iPod personal music player, and extremely loyal user-base. Having been established in 1976, Apple Inc. has been able to develop a unique reputation in the consumer electronics arena. Recently, the organization underwent two main organizational changes; its leadership and structure. The leadership change, in turn, had an effect on the organizational culture, something which will be discussed in a little while. Popularly considered to be a controversial genius and charismatic leader, the CEO and Chairman, Steve Jobs, has served for over a decade and is accredited for the worldwide triumph of the company (LaClair Rao, 2000). Unfortunately, he passed away on October 5, 2011 following cancer complications. His death resulted in m oaning for millions of individuals around the world, at the same time awakening anxieties for the outlook of Apple Inc. Tim Cook had already been named Jobs successor a few months prior to his passing on. Despite the fact that Cook is a long-term Apple senior manager with an excellent track record, this has not stopped anxieties about the sustainability of the organizations business culture. This custom had been closely linked with Steve Jobs. Leadership Change The late Steve Jobs had been perceived as an untraditional leader capable of rallying numerous stakeholders for Apple Inc. for his vision while demanding excellence from his staff (OSullivan, n.d.). He was also recognized for his blunt delivery of criticism. When Jobs was CEO, Apples organizational culture was considered to be a power culture. He had focused the majority of the decision-making authority at his hands, often challenging staff for better performance, criticizing them indiscreetly if their presentations did not meet his standards. Jobs became well-known for pressurizing individuals and teams to improved performance and establishing a business culture of high of elevated level performance (Moritz, 2010). Interestingly, Jobs exceptional traits and headship style had established a power custom within Harrisons Model of Culture outline (1972), something which has added to Apple Inc. becoming the most precious company globally, by market capitalization. The insinuations of pe rsonality and leadership of a leader in the establishment of organizational culture is quite vast in that actions and conduct of the leader is often copied by workers in inferior management levels. The organizational custom has a significant weight on members conduct and reaction to given situations. The staff at Apple Inc. drew on their cultural principles to direct their actions and decisions when faced with ambiguity and uncertainty. Therefore, leaders need to set their culture within their organization through their work ethics, techniques, communication, and general behavior (Lazonick, OSullivan, 2000). When Steve Jobs health started declining and concerns of interference with the performance of his duties at the company were raised, the place of CEO was taken over by Tim Cook, with Jobs serving as the Apples chairman until his passing away. It was crucial that Cook be highly competent to take over the power culture that had been established by Steve Jobs, lest he fails in his effort to be the new leader. The power culture that Jobs established at Apple had numerous drawbacks, such as under-utilization of employee creativity and initiatives, decisions of a leader not facing criticisms in lower management levels and high level of risk linked to decisions taken (Lazonick, 2010). People were concerned that the leadership skills of Tim Cook might not match those of Jobs. It was therefore necessary for this new CEO to adopt a proactive approach with regards to promoting task culture within Apple Inc. through communicating relevant values to different organizational stakeholders in an eff icient manner. Organizational stakeholders are those individuals who have an interest, stake, or claim in a company, in what it does, and in how well it performs (Freiberger, Swaine, 2000). Furthermore, Cook was to assume the function of change agent in the transition from power culture to task culture. He was now responsible for setting new organizational goals and redesigning Apple Inc.s structure. Notably, the CEOs reputation and action would have a huge impact on outside and inside stakeholders perception of the company, and influence its capacity to draw resources from its surroundings. Change in Organizational Structure Apple Inc.s organizational structure is hierarchical. This had been established by the late former CEO, Steve Jobs, as a way of ensuring focused realization of his clear vision and innovative ideas for the business. The organizational arrangement has so far been subjected to definite alterations or changes since Tim Cook took up the leadership role in 2011. This new CEO welcomed the idea of devolution of decision-making to a definite extent in order to support creativity and originality at numerous departments (Chandler, 2001). Despite this, the organizational structure is still quite hierarchical. Apple Inc.s structure is also tall, meaning that the hierarchy has numerous levels relative to the organizations size. The figure below is an illustration of the companys organizational structure at the senior executive levels. Figure a: Source: Burke, 2011 Apples organizational structure tends to incorporate some key components from other forms of organizational structure. Even though the victory of this particular company is associated with the leadership and innovation of its late founder, Steve Jobs, its organizational arrangement is partially accountable for ensuring the support for such guidance. Currently under Cooks leadership, Apple Inc. has made a few changes in its organizational structure in order to suit the market and trade demands. The companys organizational structure allows for it to keep on innovating quickly, thanks to a few important features of the new organizational structure under Tim Cook. These features comprise of product-based assemblage, function-based assemblage, and spoke-and-wheel chain of command (Thomas Christopher, 2009). In the past, everything went through Jobs office where he made all the key decisions regarding Apple Inc. However, under Cooks guidance, this form of managerial structure has slightly transformed in that there is now more teamwork among diverse departments of the firm, such as hardware and software teams. The top most level of Apples managerial structure has function-based grouping, a component of the functional type of organizational structure. Here, the senior leaders attend to business needs in terms of utility areas (Burke, 2011). On the other hand, the lower level of the companys organizational structure has product-based grouping, a component from the divisional type of organizational structure. This enables Apple to attend to specific product or products components. Diagnosis of change what, why, any resistance Organizational change is inevitable and it has to take place at some point in an organizations existence. It usually takes place when an organization is making a move from its existing state to some desired upcoming state (Brown, 2011). Apple Inc., under the new management, realized that an organization that is able to manage change well, will eventually maintain its relevance and productivity over time. There are various types of organizational change, each requiring different forms of leadership action and effort. Developmental change is aimed at improving, refining, and enhancing what already exists. Transitional change, as is the case with Apple Inc., involves moving from an old to a new state with operations aimed towards creating the new and letting go of the old (Anderson, 2002). Notably, most change management literature tends to focus on this particular type of organizational change. Another form of change is the transformational one which emphasizes on key changes in identi ty, strategy, mindset, culture, and worldview. With transformational change, while the imperative for change is clear initially, the end point and total impact of the transformation is less so. There are a number of forces for change that might have pushed Tim Cook to implement a different strategy at Apple Inc., for instance, competitive forces, ethical forces, and economic forces. Similar to any other organization undergoing changes, Apple Inc. also witnessed some resistance to change, particularly from the old members who were used to Steve Jobs leadership style. Resistances to alterations can either be at the directorial level, group level, individual level, or functional level. At Apple Inc., resistances to change were mostly at the organizational, functional and individual levels (Van de Ven Sun, 2011). As it has already been discussed above, Steve Jobs implemented a strict and authoritative leadership style where all decisions were made only by him. He had developed a traditional organizational culture and structure. This means that the staff adapted to Jobs expectations of them and formed habits that would ensure their retention at Apple. However, following Tim Cooks entrance into the scene, the companys staff had to drop their old habits and adapt new ones. There was some conflict due to this new power and members developed uncertainties and insecurity about their jobs. Theoretical constructs and concepts that characterizes the change at Apple In the recent past, different theories have been used to try and explain organizational change and leadership, for instance, transformational leadership theory, Hersey and Blanchards situational management theory, path-goal theory of leadership, collective leadership theory, and the Great Man theory, among others. Two theories that can be used to explain the case of Apple Inc. are the Great Man Theory and Behavioral Theory. It is believed that the late CEO, Steve Jobs was a natural born leader, especially considering the fact that he managed to led the company into its current success. The Great Man Theory holds that people are born into leadership, and that a leader is born, not made (Choi Ruona, 2011). Jobs had to learn his way up to the top and did not attend any special leadership training courses. His was inherent. On the other hand, the current CEO, Tim Cook, is a leader who was made, not born. According to the behavioral theory, any person can learn to be a leader. Even thoug h Cook was introduced to the company while Jobs was still chairman, he had to learn how to be a leader, and a different one for that matter. As the paper has revealed, each of these individuals implemented distinct leadership styles and management, both of which have made Apple Inc. maintain and preserve its competitive advantage. Chosen methods for implementing change, communication of the change and why the anticipated outcome at Apple Inc. There are various methods for implementing change in a given organization, and Apple Inc. opted for a few of these. They are communicating the underlying principle behind the need for alteration, executing the transformation in stages, and evaluating, assessing and reporting on change (Kotter Cohen, 2002). The first technique for introducing any organization change was to communicate and explain to employees why it was significant for the change to take place, and the anticipated outcomes. Managers handled this particular process carefully and communicated it to all affected parties. Tim Cook acknowledged that if he had not communicated the change and missed out on this phase of the process, it would have almost certainly damaged the whole transition process before it even began. Most change can be divided into stages that can be reviewed along the way. Therefore, collaboration is key, and having a pilot group of workers to test this particular change before it is fully implemented is an effective way to ensure that more individuals accept what is taking place, and why (Fayol, n.d.). After implementation, it was expected that the process would be successful, and that all employees would adjust to the change process. Careful monitoring of the whole change process is crucial so as to measure its impact and evaluate its success. Strategies for improvement and/or enhancement of success A strategy refers to a precise outline of decisions and actions that organizational managers take to use central competences to attain aggressive advantage and surpass their competitors (Watzlawick, Beavin Jackson, n.d.). These competences refer to the abilities and skills in value creation activities which allow a company to attain greater efficiency, novelty, customer responsiveness, or quality. The following flow diagram shows how organizational strategy is incorporated into the value-creation cycle. Figure b: Source: Fayol, n.d. There are four main levels of strategies for improvement and/or enhancement of success that Apple Inc. and other companies today can consider, for instance, functional-level policy which is a plan to combine organizational resources together with its synchronization abilities so as to establish central competences. Business-level strategies can also be considered, and these refer to plans to combine functional core competences to position in an organization so that it achieves an aggressive advantage in its industry (Palmer, Dunford Akin, 2009). Corporate-level strategy which is a plan to utilize and extend core competences so that a firm not only can safeguard and expand its existing industry, but also can expand into novel domains, can be considered by Apple Inc. Perhaps the most suitable for this particular company is the comprehensive development strategy whereby the preeminent strategy is chosen to enlarge into overseas markets so as to acquire scarce resources, and develop cor e competences (Bennis, n.d.). Conclusion In this paper, we have specifically looked at Apple Inc. Company as an example of how organizations address the issue of organizational change. We have also looked at how this company implemented change by using a few strategies, and how the change was communicated to parties involved. Moreover, we have also discussed a few theoretical concepts that are applicable to Apple Inc.s case. Globalization has increased the markets and chances for more development and revenue. That is why todays companies are trying to keep up with the fast-moving business world in order to maintain a competitive advantage. References Anderson, D.L. (2011). Cases and exercises in organization development and change. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Bennis, W. (n.d.). Beyond bureaucracy: Essays on the development and evolution of human organizations. New York: McGraw-Hill. Brown, D.L. (2011). Experiential approach to organization development. 8th Edition. Boston: Prentice Hall. Burke, W.W. (2011). Organization change: Theory and practice. 3rd Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Chandler, A.D. Jr. (2001). Inventing the electronic century: The epic story of the consumer electronics and computer science industries. New York: Free Press. Choi, B., Ruona, W. (2011). Individuals readiness for organizational change and its impact on human resource and organization development. Human Resource Development Review, 10(1). Pp. 46 73. Fayol, H. (n.d.). General and industrial management. London: Pittman. Freiberger, P., Swaine, M. (2000). Fire in the valley: The making of the personal computer. New York: McGraw-Hill. Kotter, J., Cohen, D. (2002). The heart of change: Real-life stories of how people change their organizations. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. LaClair, J., Rao, R. (2000). Helping employees embrace change. McKinsey Quarterly, Number 4. Lazonick, W. (2010). Innovative business models and varieties of capitalism: Financialization of the US corporation. Business History Review, 84(4). Pp. 675 702. Lazonick, W., OSullivan, M. (2000). Maximizing shareholder value: A new ideology for corporate governance. Economy and Society, 29(1). Pp. 13 35. Moritz, M. (2010). Return to the little kingdom: How Apple and Steve Jobs change the world.2nd Edition. The Overlook Press. OSullivan, M. (n.d.) Sustainable prosperity, corporate governance, and innovation in Europe. In J. Michie and J.G. Smith, eds. Globalization, Growth, and Governance: Creating an Innovative Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Palmer, I., Dunford, R., Akin, G. (2009). Managing organizational change. 2nd Edition. Irwin, NY: McGraw-Hill. Thomas, G., Christopher, G.W. (2009). Organization development and change. 9th Edition. Mason, OK: South-Western Cengage. Van de Ven, A., Sun, K. (2011). Breakdowns in implementing models of organizational change. Academy of Management Perspectives, 25(3). Pp. 58 74. Veronica, H.H. (2008). Exploring strategic change. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Watzlawick, P., Beavin, J.H., Jackson, D.D. (n.d.). Pragmatics of human communication. New York: Norton.